Figure 3 in Evidence for the evolution of eusociality in stem ants and a systematic revision of †Gerontoformica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 3. Summary of the evidence for eusocial evolution in stem groups. A, overview of the phylogenetic relationships of the total clade Formicidae, with key biological traits mapped. F+, winged females; f-, wingless females; D, developmental simplification of the mesosoma; and B*, brood care. Solid squares, trait confirmed as present; empty squares, trait confirmed as absent; half-filled squares, trait confirmed as variable; question marks, state uncertain; black square with asterisk, new evidence provided in the present study. B, exemplars of females with the full and complex complement of flight sclerites, namely the mesoscutum (green), mesoscutellum (blue), and metanotum (magenta). C, exemplars of wingless †Zigrasimeciinae demonstrating independent convergence on the extremely simplified mesosomal form of various crown Formicidae, illustrated in this case by Discothyrea (Proceratiinae). D, exemplars of the Antennoclypeata, showing a similar degree of sclerite reduction between †Brownimecia and crown Formicidae. Notes: The topology in 1A is summarized from Johnson et al. (2013), Barden & Grimaldi (2016) and Boudinot et al. (2020a). Images for rows 1B, C were downloaded from AntWeb (2021); taxon names, imagers and unique specimen identifiers are listed from left to right, top to bottom are as follows: †Zigrasimecia tonsora Barden & Grimaldi, 2013 (P. Barden, ANTWEB1008098); †Dhagnathos autokrator Perrichot et al., 2020 (V. Perrichot, FANTWEB00022); †Linguamyrmex rhinocerus Miao & Wang, 2019 (V. Perrichot, FANTWEB00016); †Protozigrasimecia chauli Cao et al., 2020c (H. Cao, FANTWEB00051); †Zigrasimecia ufv-01 (J. Chaul, ANTWEB10141055); Discothyrea bobi Chaul, 2020 (J. Chaul, UFV-LABECOL-000032); †Brachyponera croceicornis (Emery, 1900) (F. Esteves, CASENT0916594); Brachyponera croceicornis (Emery, 1900) (A. Nobile, CASENT0172432); †Brownimecia clavata Grimaldi et al., 1997 (V. Perrichot, AMNH-NJ667).