Global soil moisture–atmosphere feedback and N2O emission dataset

<p><span>Soil moisture is essential to microbial nitrogen (N)-cycling networks in terrestrial ecosystems. Studies have found that soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks dominate the changes in land carbon fluxes. </span><span>However, the influence of soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks on the N fluxes changes, and the underlying mechanisms remain highly unsure, leading to uncertainties in climate projections. </span><span>To fill this gap, we utilized in situ observation coupled with gridded and remote sensing data to analyze N₂O fluxes emissions globally. Here, we investigated the synergistic effects of temperature, hydroclimate on global N₂O fluxes, as the result of soil moisture–atmosphere feedback impact on N fluxes. We found that soil moisture–temperature feedback dominates land N₂O emissions by controlling the balance between nitrifier and denitrifier genes. The mechanism is that atmospheric water demand increases with temperature and thereby reduces soil moisture, which increases the dominant N₂O production nitrifier (containing <em>amoA </em>AOB gene) and decreases the N₂O consumption denitrifier (containing the<em> nosZ</em> gene), consequently will potential increasing N₂O emissions. However, we find that the spatial variations of soil–water availability as a result of the nonlinear response of soil moisture to vapor pressure deficit caused by temperature are some of the greatest challenges in predicting future N₂O emissions. Our data-driven assessment deepens the understanding of the impact of soil moisture-atmosphere interactions on the soil N cycle, which remains uncertain in earth system models. We suggest that the model needs to account for feedback between soil moisture and atmospheric temperature when estimating the response of the N₂O emissions to climatic change globally, as well as when conducting field-scale investigations of the response of the ecosystem to warming.</span></p>