Fig. 1. Phylogenetic hypotheses for 24 corbiculate bee species and 29 in Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Exploring the Limits of Morphological Data to Solve a Hard Phylogenetic Problem

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic hypotheses for 24 corbiculate bee species and 29 closely related apid taxa based on 289 morphological characters. (a) Single most parsimonious tree obtained from the extended implied weights parsimony analysis with characters organized into seven anatomy-based partitions (F = 121.827457, L = 1094, CI = 0.38, RI = 0.81). (b) Strict consensus between the Bayesian trees obtained from the analyses with characters organized into seven anatomy-based or eight homoplasy-based partitions. Filled circles indicate species (or congeneric taxa) illustrated in the boxes below. Squares, numbers and dotted lines indicate taxa with alternative positions in the mirrored tree topologies.Tree branch lengths are depicted not to scale. Species represented in the photographs (from the left to the right): Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier, 1836; Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793; Bombus pauloensis Friese, 1913; Exaerete smaragdina (Guérin-Méneville, 1845); Centris collaris Lepeletier, 1841; Anthophora montana Cresson, 1869; Caenonomada bruneri Ashmead, 1899; Xylocopa ciliata Burmeister, 1876. Photographs of A. dorsata, B. pauloensis, C. collaris, and M. quadrifasciata taken from Porto et al. (2021).