Fig. 12. The comparative ultrastructural data. A in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 12. The comparative ultrastructural data. A. The hypothesized "beaks of Phragmoteuthis bisinuata" (GBW 2006/011/0009, lower Carnian, Upper Triassic; Cave del Predil, NE Italy). B. Chitin of the lower beak of Lunzoteuthis schindelbergensis Doguzhaeva, Summesberger, and Mutvei, 2006 (NHMW 2005z0005/0001, lower Carnian, Upper Triassic; Schindelberg, Lower Austria). C. A cartilage of the cranial capsule of Loligo vulgaris (Lamarck, 1798) ( Recent; North Sea); C1, C2, a matrix containing the collagen fibers showing a banding pattern. SEM images, except C1 which is taken with photomicroscope. Dockery III, and Ciampaglio, 2010, from the Mississippi, USA (Weaver et al. 2011). The fin-supporting cartilages of the middle Olenekian (early Triassic) squid of Idahoteuthis parisiana (Decabrachia: Myopsida) from Idaho, USA, are ones of the as yet known oldest fossilized cartilaginous structures (Doguzhaeva et al. 2018). We also revealed that the site of the "beaks of P. bisinuata" (at the tip of a proostracum) may be occupied with another structures of similar size. These are the gladius and arm crown imprint (Figs. 2B, 14). They apparently represent the remains of another prey of P. bisinuata, also held by its handle hooks. This find points out an as yet unknown teuthid resembling the early Permian Glochinomorpha stifeli Gordon, 1971 (see Doguzhaeva and Mapes 2015: figs. 1A–H, 2, 3). Thus, in the light of new ultrastructural and geochemical data on the "beaks of P. bisinuata", morphological data on the upper beak of the reported Anisian (Middle Triassic) coleoid beak from Italy, and previously observed lower beak of co-occurring Lunzoteuthis schindelbergensis, P. bisinuata had hardly differed by its beaks from other coleoids. The discussed black structures associated with the proostraca of the early Carnian P. bisinuata, previously con- Fig. 13. Coleoid cephalopod Lunzoteuthis schindelbergensis Doguzhaeva, sidered to be the "beaks of P. bisinuata" (Figs. 2A, 2C, 3A), Summesberger, and Mutvei, 2006 (holotype, NHMW 2005z0005/0001); 1 lower Carnian, Upper Triassic; Schindelberg, Lower Austria. SEM image are known by seven specimens from the Cave del Predil lo- of a fractured lower beak in a contact with the phragmocone. Abbreviations: cality, although the number of specimens with other non-bio- il, inner lamella of the lower beak; ol, outer lamella of the lower beak; ph, mineralized structures, like ink sacs and arm hooks, is about phragmocone; r, rostrum of the lower (ventral) beak; w, wing of the beak. the same in both localities. The fish beds of Cave del Predil