FIGURE 4. Burrowing techniques observed among the studied arthropod predators. A in Linking burrow morphology to the behaviors of predatory soil arthropods: Applications to continental ichnofossils

FIGURE 4. Burrowing techniques observed among the studied arthropod predators. A) Initial burrowing by intrusion by Scolopendra polymorpha (burrow opening at arrow). B) Burrowing by intrusion by Hogna lenta. C) Continued construction of a vertical shaft by compression by Gorgyrella inermis, compressing sediment along burrow boundary (at arrow) to increase the width. D) Subsurface tunnel construction by intrusion by Hemiscolopendra marginata. No sediment is removed as the tunnel is extended but is pressed against the tunnel boundary (at arrow). E) Burrowing by excavation by Mastigoproctus giganteus. Sediment is removed and carried with the pedipalps (at arrow). F) Burrowing by excavation by Pelinobus muticus. Sediment is removed and carried with the pedipalps (at arrow). G) Burrowing by excavation by Hadrurus arizonensis. Sediment is scraped and kicked back out (at arrow) of the developing burrow with the first two pairs of legs. H) Backfilling of a tunnel by S. polymorpha. The centipede removes sediment from the developing tunnel and uses it to fill the old tunnel (at arrow). I) Light silk lining around the opening, shaft, and chamber (at arrows) of Hysterocrates gigas. J) Thick silk lining around the shaft (at arrow) of G. inermis producing a smooth interior surface. K) Six silk runners (example at arrow) connected to the burrow entrance of G. inermis with a closed trap door.