FIGURE 23. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)

FIGURE 23. 3D renderings of the articulated braincase elements of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, slightly posteriorly rotated view of left side; B, detailed view of tympanic region; C, as B, with interpretative line drawings; D, strongly posteriorly rotated view of left side; E, detailed view on paracondylar region; F, as E, with interpretative line drawings. Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. Abbreviations: atyr, anterior tympanic recess; boc, basioccipital; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tuber; car, external foramen for the internal carotid artery (=vidian) canal; cif, crista interfenestralis; crtu, crista tuberalis; crvl, crista ventrolateralis; fm, foramen magnum; fov, fenestra ovalis; fpr, fenestra pseudorotunda (anteroposterior opening between labyrinth cavity and recessus scalae tympani); mcv, mid cerebral vein foramen; mvf, medial vagal foramen (connecting brain cavity with recessus scalae tympani); occ, occipital condyle; oto, otoccipital; orsc, orbitosphenoidal crest; pbsp, parabasisphenoid; pcor, paracondylar recess; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; pvf, posterior vagal foramen; rst, recessus scalae tympani/tympanic region of middle ear; V, trigeminal nerve (CN V) foramen; VII, facial nerve (CN VII) foramen; XII, hypoglossal nerves (CN XII) foramina.