FIG. 5 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 5. Illustration (opposite page and above) of conflict between "extant only" biogeographic reconstructions for crown birds, and the crown bird fossil record (modified from Field and Hsiang, 2018). A, Extant-only reconstructions infer a Gondwanan origin of crown birds with strong probability, whereas B, identical analyses incorporating the earliest fossil stem group representatives infer a markedly less robustly supported result.