FIG. 3. Hypothesis 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 3. Hypothesis 3, late Early Cretaceous Europe-Africa faunal exchange via the Apulian route. The green arrowed lines denote the approximate dispersal directions and dispersal routes; Solid lines denote paleogeography at 135 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.