Using the Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Dynamic School Bus Routing Problem-Figure 4. Example of a chromosome structure with permutation coding

<p>Each chromosome found in the population formed in the GA is structurally an equal-length coded series. The chromosomes are made of genes. For coding purposes, binary, permutation, and value coding methods are widely used. In the travelling salesman or other similar VRPs, permutation coding technique is preferred over the other techniques. Using the permutation coding technique, each chromosome found in the population is expressed in terms of the numbers of each stop to be followed in the route, as shown in Figure 4.</p>