Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Smart Cities-Table 1. Smart city complex system factors

<p>Figure 2 underlines the importance of traditional production factors such as capital and labour in achieving and driving growth which arises when either stock of capital or labour increase or they are more effectively used. &nbsp;Total factor productivity (TFP) represents the growth enhanced by the use of technology and innovation. Besides these traditional factors, Purdy and Daugherty (2016) consider that AI can be seen as a new production factor, a capital-labour hybrid that will lead to significant growth opportunities. This is due to the advancement made in AI, which allows nowadays to replicate some labour activities at a greater and faster scale than humans (e.g. virtual text assistance, self-learning machines) (Purdy and Daugherty, 2016).</p>