Schematic representing the vehicle–to–cell hierarchical overview of a typical electrified powertrain architecture. This represents the system-level context within which the proposed layer optimisation framework has been developed. Two xEV powertrains — a) BEV and b) series PHEV — are chosen as examples to demonstrate how the methodology facilitates common module designs for such battery packs.

<p>Schematic representing the vehicle&ndash;to&ndash;cell hierarchical overview of a typical electrified powertrain architecture. This represents the<br> system-level context within which the proposed layer optimisation framework has been developed. Two xEV powertrains &mdash; a) BEV and b) series PHEV &mdash; are chosen as examples to demonstrate how the methodology facilitates common module designs for such battery packs.</p>