zenodoopen

Dataset for the preprint: "Intercomparison of biogenic CO2 flux models in four urban parks in the city of Zurich"

Dataset supporting the submission of the manuscript titled "Intercomparison of biogenic CO2 flux models in four urban parks in the city of Zurich" to the to the international journal "Biogeosciences". Meteorological data Hourly aggregated meteorological dataset for the urban area of Zurich, originating from two urban stations: Kaserne (8°32'/47°23'), which is a station of the Swiss national air pollution monitoring network NABEL, and Hardau II (8°30'/47°23'), which is a station established for the ICOS-Cities project.  Zurich Kaserne is located in a large courtyard. Wind and global radiation are measured on top of a four-storey building. Wind is measured at 35 m and global radiation at 27 m above ground. Hardau II station is established on the top of a high-rise building (110 m a.g.l.). Meteorological observation gaps were filled using Copernicus ERA5-Land data. Data format: comma separated values (csv) Time step: 60 min (aggregated) Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm, UTC, end of aggregated period Period: 01/2022–09/2023 Monthly mean atmospheric CO2 concentration data derived from the ICOS-Cities Hardau II station (07/2022–09/2023) and the Beromunster station (11/2012–02/2022). Observation gaps were filled using Copernicus ERA5-Land data. Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript.  Data format: comma separated values (csv) Time step: Monthly (mean) Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd  Period: 11/2012–09/2023 <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Variable </td> <td> Acronym </td> <td> Units </td> <td> Height above ground </td> <td> Location </td> <td> Geographic location </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Global radiation </td> <td> G </td> <td> W m-2 </td> <td> 27 m </td> <td> Kaserne </td> <td> 8°32'/47°23' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Air temperature </td> <td> Tair </td> <td> Degrees Celsius </td> <td> 2 m </td> <td> Kaserne </td> <td> 8°32'/47°23' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Relative humidity </td> <td> RH </td> <td> % </td> <td> 2 m </td> <td> Kaserne </td> <td> 8°32'/47°23' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Air pressure </td> <td> P </td> <td> hPa </td> <td> 2 m </td> <td> Kaserne </td> <td> 8°32'/47°23' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Wind speed </td> <td> u </td> <td> m s-1 </td> <td> 35 m </td> <td> Kaserne </td> <td> 8°32'/47°23' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Precipitation </td> <td> R </td> <td> mm </td> <td> 2 m </td> <td> Kaserne </td> <td> 8°32'/47°23' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Downward longwave radiation </td> <td> LW </td> <td> W m-2 </td> <td> 110 m </td> <td> Hardau II, ERA-5 </td> <td> 8°30'/47°23' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Soil temperature </td> <td> Tsoil </td> <td> Degrees Celsius </td> <td> -0.15 m </td> <td> Parks </td> <td> - </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Soil water content </td> <td> SWC </td> <td> m3 m-3 </td> <td> -0.15 m </td> <td> Parks </td> <td> - </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Atmospheric CO2 concentration </td> <td> CO2 </td> <td> ppmv </td> <td> 2 m </td> <td> Hardau II, Beromunster, ERA-5 </td> <td> 8°30'/47°23', 8°10'/47°11 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   In-situ ecophysiological data In-situ ecophysiology measurements performed on park trees and lawns in the city of Zurich during the ICOS-Cities project. LAI (leaf area index) was measured in dense Platanus sp. tree stands, found only in Bullingerhof and Hardaupark, during sunny conditions using a ceptometer (SS1 SunScan, Delta-T Devices). Sap flow was measured at six trees (Platanus sp., Tilia sp.), at Bullingerhof, Hardaupark and Fritschiwiese, with heat pulse sap flow sensors (3 x 3 cm probes, Implexx Sense), providing continuous measurements at 10-min sampling intervals. Daily aggregated sap flux densities (cm3 cm−2 d−1) were calculated from the 10-min data using the sensor inner thermistors, averaged for the six sampled trees. Soil and grass respiration were measured using a portable CO2 soil efflux system equipped with a 20 cm diameter survey chamber (LI-8200-01S, LI-COR Biosciences) and a CO2/H2O analyser (LI-870, LI-COR Biosciences). The observations originate from a total of 10 soil collars (Bullingerhof, Hardaupark, Fritschiwiese, Heiligfeld) separated to undisturbed grass collars (Reco, μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and collars where the aboveground grass was clipped (Rsoil, μmol CO2 m-2 s-1). Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript. Data format: comma separated values (csv) Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd Period: 04/2022–09/2023   Land cover map Land cover map of part of Zurich urban area. Datasets used to derive this map: <ul> <li>·        Land Use Cadastre of the Canton of Zurich (https://www.geolion.zh.ch/geodatensatz/show?gdsid=443)</li> <li>·        Urban Atlas (https://doi.org/10.2909/fb4dffa1-6ceb-4cc0-8372-1ed354c285e6)</li> <li>·        Vegetation Height Model (VHM) from the Swiss federal forest inventory (https://opendata.swiss/de/dataset/vegetationshohenmodell-lfi)</li> <li>·        Forest Mixture from the Swiss Federal Forest Inventory (https://opendata.swiss/de/dataset/waldmischungsgrad-lfi)</li> </ul> Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript.   Data specifications: CRS: EPSG:32632 - WGS 84 / UTM zone 32N - Projected Spatial Extent: 461972.1, 5246490.4 : 463972.1, 5248490.4 Temporal Extent: 2023 Units: meters Width: 2000 Height: 2000 Bands: 1 Pixel Size: 1,-1 Data type: Float32 - Thirty two bit floating point GDAL Driver Description: GTiff GDAL Driver Metadata: GeoTIFF   Legend: 30           Grass 40           Crops 50           Paved 60           Buildings 70           Deciduous trees 80           Water   CO2 fluxes Hourly mean CO2 fluxes estimated by the models diFUME, JSBACH, SUEWS and VPRM for the trees and lawns of the Zurich urban parks: Bullingerhof, Hardaupark, Fritschiwiese and Heiligfeld. GPP stands for gross primary productivity, Reco for ecosystem respiration and NEE for net ecosystem exchange. All fluxes are in units: μmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The parameter sets used by each model are presented in the Tables below. Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript. Parameters used by diFUME model <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Parameter </td> <td> Value </td> <td> Units </td> <td> Description </td> </tr> <tr> <td> A_max </td> <td> 15 </td> <td> μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 </td> <td> maximum leaf gross photosynthetic rate </td> </tr> <tr> <td> a </td> <td> 0.045 </td> <td> mol CO2 mol-1 PAR </td> <td> quantum yield for CO2 assimilation </td> </tr> <tr> <td> a_1 </td> <td> 25 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> empirical coefficient in Leuning (1995) model </td> </tr> <tr> <td> b_ </td> <td> 0.65 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> empirical coefficient in β-factor formula </td> </tr> <tr> <td> b_1 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> empirical coefficient </td> </tr> <tr> <td> D_o </td> <td> 0.3 </td> <td> kPa </td> <td> empirically determined coefficient for the VPD scalar inside Leuning (1995) model </td> </tr> <tr> <td> D_sc </td> <td> 1 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> daylight scalar for dark respiration inhibition during day (1: no inhibition) </td> </tr> <tr> <td> E_0 </td> <td> 487.75 </td> <td> K </td> <td> temperature sensitivity parameter for soil respiration </td> </tr> <tr> <td> g_o </td> <td> 0.01 </td> <td> mol CO2 m-2 s-1 </td> <td> residual stomatal conductance for CO2 (g_s when Anet = 0, PAR = 0). </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Q_10 </td> <td> 1.85 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> temperature sensitivity of leaf respiration </td> </tr> <tr> <td> R_(l,ref) </td> <td> 1.53 </td> <td> μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 </td> <td> reference leaf respiration at Tair = 25 °C </td> </tr> <tr> <td> R_(S,ref) </td> <td> 2.49 </td> <td> μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 </td> <td> reference soil respiration at Tsoil = 10 °C </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_opt </td> <td> 23 </td> <td> °C </td> <td> optimum air temperature for gross photosynthesis </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_0 </td> <td> -46 </td> <td> °C </td> <td> low-temperature limit for soil respiration </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_(ref,S) </td> <td> 10 </td> <td> °C </td> <td> reference soil temperature for soil respiration </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_(ref,l) </td> <td> 25 </td> <td> °C </td> <td> reference air temperature for leaf respiration </td> </tr> <tr> <td> W </td> <td> 10 </td> <td> °C </td> <td> width of the bell-shape curve at f(T_air )  = 0.5 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> θ_ref </td> <td> 0.4 </td> <td> m3 m-3 </td> <td> saturated soil volumetric water content  </td> </tr> <tr> <td> θ_g </td> <td> 0.1 </td> <td> m3 m-3 </td> <td> minimum soil volumetric water content, limit to stomatal conductance </td> </tr> <tr> <td> θ_0 </td> <td> 0.04 </td> <td> m3 m-3 </td> <td> minimum soil volumetric water content, limit to soil respiration </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Parameters used by JSBACH model <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Parameter </td> <td> Trees </td> <td> Lawn </td> <td> Units </td> <td> Description </td> </tr> <tr> <td> J_max </td> <td> 104.5 </td> <td> 148.6 </td> <td> μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1 </td> <td> Maximum electron transport rate at 25 °C </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_alt </td> <td> 4.0–4.5 </td> <td>   </td> <td> °C </td> <td> Alternation temperature </td> </tr> <tr> <td> θ_cap </td> <td> 0.32– 0.39 </td> <td> 0.32– 0.34 </td> <td> m m-1 </td> <td> Volumetric soil field capacity </td> </tr> <tr> <td> θ_pwp </td> <td> 0.13– 0.21 </td> <td> 0.135–0.165 </td> <td> m m-1 </td> <td> Volumetric wilting point </td> </tr> <tr> <td> V_max </td> <td> 55.0 </td> <td> 78.2 </td> <td> μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1 </td> <td> Maximum carboxylation rate at 25 °C </td> </tr> <tr> <td> z_root </td> <td> 0.5 </td> <td> 0.12 </td> <td> m </td> <td> Root depth </td> </tr> <tr> <td> CC </td> <td> 1.25 </td> <td> 1.25 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Relative cost to produce one carbon </td> </tr> <tr> <td> f_faeces </td> <td> 0.3 </td> <td> 0.3 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Fraction of carbon from herbivore faeces that goes into the green litter pool </td> </tr> <tr> <td> f_leaf </td> <td> 0.4 </td> <td> 0.4 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> A fixed fraction of canopy maintenance respiration that makes up the dark respiration </td> </tr> <tr> <td> k </td> <td> 0.1 </td> <td> 0.09 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> LAI growth rate during growth phase </td> </tr> <tr> <td> LAI_max </td> <td> 3.6–4.1 </td> <td> 3.0 </td> <td> m2 m-2 </td> <td> Maximum leaf area index </td> </tr> <tr> <td> p </td> <td> veg: 0.004 rest: 0.1 </td> <td> growth: 0.1 dry: 0.015 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> LAI shedding rate (trees: vegetative and rest phase; grass: growth and dry season) </td> </tr> <tr> <td> r_d </td> <td> 0.605 </td> <td> 0.8602 </td> <td> μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1 </td> <td> Dark respiration at 25 °C, fraction of Vmax </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Parameters used by SUEWS model <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Parameter </td> <td> Trees </td> <td> Lawn </td> <td> Units </td> <td> Description </td> </tr> <tr> <td> f_i </td> <td> 0.21 </td> <td> 0.18 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Fraction of each vegetation type i </td> </tr> <tr> <td> F_(pho,max,i) </td> <td> 8.3 </td> <td> 8.92 </td> <td> μmol m-2 s-1 </td> <td> Maximum potential photosynthesis </td> </tr> <tr> <td> LAI_(max,i) </td> <td> 4.8 </td> <td> 3 </td> <td> m2 m-2 </td> <td> Full leaf-on summertime value </td> </tr> <tr> <td> LAI_(min,i) </td> <td> 0.66 </td> <td> 1.6 </td> <td> m2 m-2 </td> <td> Leaf-off wintertime value </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_L </td> <td> -10 </td> <td> -10 </td> <td> °C </td> <td> Lower air temperature limit </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_H </td> <td> 55 </td> <td> 55 </td> <td> °C </td> <td> Upper air temperature limit </td> </tr> <tr> <td> G_5 </td> <td> 30 </td> <td> 30 </td> <td> °C </td> <td> Parameter related to temperature dependence </td> </tr> <tr> <td> G_3 </td> <td> 0.66 </td> <td> 0.538 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Parameter related to VPD dependence </td> </tr> <tr> <td> G_4 </td> <td> 0.89 </td> <td> 0.87 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Parameter related to VPD dependence </td> </tr> <tr> <td> G_6 </td> <td> 0.36 </td> <td> 0.55 </td> <td> mm-1 </td> <td> Parameter related to soil moisture dependence </td> </tr> <tr> <td> G_2 </td> <td> 477 </td> <td> 263.5 </td> <td> W m-2 </td> <td> Parameter related to  dependence </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Δθ_WP </td> <td> 132.5 </td> <td> 143 </td> <td> mm </td> <td> Wilting point deficit </td> </tr> <tr> <td> K_(↓max) </td> <td> 1200 </td> <td> 1200 </td> <td> W m-2 </td> <td> Maximum incoming shortwave radiation </td> </tr> <tr> <td> a_i </td> <td> 0.78 </td> <td> 1.7 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Empirical soil and vegetation respiration coefficient </td> </tr> <tr> <td> b_i </td> <td> 0.08 </td> <td> 0.06 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Empirical soil and vegetation respiration coefficient </td> </tr> <tr> <td> ω_(1,GDD,i) </td> <td> 0.04 </td> <td> 0.04 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Parameter for LAI calculation </td> </tr> <tr> <td> ω_(2,GDD,i) </td> <td> 0.0005 </td> <td> 0.0005 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Parameter for LAI calculation </td> </tr> <tr> <td> ω_(1,SDD,i) </td> <td> -1.5 </td> <td> -1.5 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Parameter for LAI calculation </td> </tr> <tr> <td> ω_(1,SDD,i) </td> <td> 0.0025 </td> <td> 0.0025 </td> <td> N/A </td> <td> Parameter for LAI calculation </td> </tr> <tr> <td> GDD </td> <td> 300 </td> <td> 300 </td> <td> days </td> <td> The growing degree days (GDD) needed for full capacity of the leaf area index </td> </tr> <tr> <td> SDD </td> <td> -300 </td> <td> -300 </td> <td> days </td> <td> The senescence degree days (SDD) needed to initiate leaf off </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_(base,GDD) </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> °C </td> <td> Base Temperature for initiating growing degree days (GDD) for leaf growth </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_(base,SDD) </td> <td> 10 </td> <td> 10 </td> <td> °C </td> <td> Base temperature for initiating senescence degree days (SDD) for leaf off </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Parameters used by VPRM model <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Parameter </td> <td> Trees </td> <td> Lawn </td> <td> Units </td> <td> Description </td> </tr> <tr> <td> λ </td> <td> <div> -0.16 </div> </td> <td> <div> -0.13 </div> </td> <td> <div> μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 </div> </td> <td> <div> light use efficiency </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> PAR_0 </td> <td> <div> 356.99 </div> </td> <td> <div> 545.61 </div> </td> <td> <div> μmol m-2 s-1 </div> </td> <td> <div> half-saturation value </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> α </td> <td> <div> 0.22 </div> </td> <td> <div> 0.40 </div> </td> <td> <div> μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 /0C </div> </td> <td> <div> empirical coefficient </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> β </td> <td> <div> 1.09 </div> </td> <td> <div> 0.42 </div> </td> <td> <div> μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 </div> </td> <td> <div> empirical coefficient </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_max </td> <td> <div> 40 </div> </td> <td> <div> 40 </div> </td> <td> <div> °C </div> </td> <td> <div> maximum temperature for photosynthesis </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_min </td> <td> <div> 0 </div> </td> <td> <div> 2 </div> </td> <td> <div> °C </div> </td> <td> <div> minimum temperature for photosynthesis </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_opt </td> <td> <div> 20 </div> </td> <td> <div> 18 </div> </td> <td> <div> °C </div> </td> <td> <div> optimal temperature for photosynthesis </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> T_low </td> <td> <div> 0 </div> </td> <td> <div> 0 </div> </td> <td> <div> °C </div> </td> <td> <div> to account for the persistence of soil respiration in winter </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Data format: comma separated values (csv) Time step: 60 min (aggregated) Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm, UTC, end of aggregated period Period: 01/2022–09/2023

ShareScore

44/100

Overall dataset sharing score

Score breakdown

These five areas show where the dataset supports — or may limit — practical reuse.

Stewardship: 4
Harmonization: 4
Access: 20
Reuse readiness: 8
Engagement: 8