Fig. 4 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 4. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Kaplan (1997: 373, fig. 3). Numbered synapomorphies are: (1) tympanum posterodorsally tilted under anterior edge of massive superficial slip of m. depressor mandibulae, (2) mercaptanlike defensive odor, (3) diurnal activity, (4) riparian–terrestrial habitat preference, (5) smaller size (,50 mm SVL), (6) m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis absent (''s'' pattern), (7) neopalatines absent, (8) finger three of males swollen, and (9) lipophilic alkaloids present.