Fig. 1 in Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans

Fig. 1. Reconstruction of the forelimb of the Zhalainuoer III mammoth in anatomical position. The actual shoulder height (black): total height in anatomical position 3690 mm. The height obtained by adding the articular (green): manus (500 mm) + ulna (960 mm) + humerus (1233 mm) + scapula (1075 mm) = 3768 mm. Maximal lengths of different bone elements (red): manus (500 mm) + radius (985 mm) + humerus (1274 mm) + scapula (1115 mm) = 3874 mm. The actual shoulder height can be calculated by multiplying the result by 0.98 in the case of the sum of articular lengths and by 0.95 in the case of maximal lengths.