Fig. 2 in More evidence for plesiomorphy of the quadrate in the Eocene anseriform avian genus Presbyornis

Fig. 2. Most parsimonious distribution of 11 best defined characters of the anseriform quadrate (see also Elzanowski and Stidham 2010), with caudal views of the quadrates. A. Megapodius freycinet Gaimard, 1823. B. Presbyornis sp. C. Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus, 1766). D. Anseranas semipalmata (Latham, 1798). E. Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766). Synapomorphies: Galloanseres: 1, subcapitular tubercle present; 2, mandibular articulation bicondylar; 3, mandibular articulation narrower than half the height of the quadrate (which makes it look slender). Anseriformes: 4, supraorbital crest present (see Fig. 1A 2, B 2); 5, mandibular condyles overlap (interdigitate with their tips) across the intercondylar vallecula (see Fig. 1A 3, B 3). Crown-group Anseriformes: 6, submeatic prominence or process present; 7, orbitocotylar crest does not extend on the quadrate corpus (as it does in Presbyornis; see Fig. 1A 2, A 4, B 2, B 4); 8, medial condyle distinctly offset proximad relative to the lateral condyle; 9, no basiorbital foramen (except for a minute opening in some anhimid specimens). Anseranas and Anatidae: 10, the rostral tongue of the squamosal capitulum ending as a saddle-shaped concavity; 11, inflated submeatic prominence. Asterisk marks the presence of the caudomedial foramen (vestigial in the Anhimidae). The presence/absence of this foramen has not been included in the character optimization because its absence in all Presbyornis quadrates has yet to be confirmed.