Fig. 3 in Quadrupedal dinosaurs did not evolve fully pronated forearms: New evidence from the ulna

Fig. 3. The grades of forearm pronation, the incidence of tubular manual cross sections, and the prevalence of proximal radial migration overlaid onto a cladogram of major tetrapod clades. Note the isolated convergence upon tubular manual cross sections in non-avian saurischian and ornithischian dinosaurs. See Vialleton (1924) for reports of proximal radial migration in tetrapods. See text for a discussion of the reasoning that dinosaurs retained semi-pronation. Cladogram after Gauthier (1986).