Fig. 4 in Plasmodium relictum MSP-1 capture antigen-based ELISA for detection of avian malaria antibodies in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)

Fig. 4. Validation of ELISA. The ELISA developed using P. relictum MSP-1 protein was tested with known P. relictum positive penguin serum collected from penguin # 8790 at week 26. Black column represents positive penguin serum. Hatched and white columns represent negative controls containing normal chicken serum and PBS, respectively. Grey column represents the positive reaction containing streptavidin alkaline-phosphatase and its substrate pnitrophenyl phosphate. Each reaction was performed in triplicate, and the data shown represent means of three independent experiments with standard error bars and levels of statistical significance (****: P <0.0001).