Fig. 4 in Molecular and epidemiological surveillance of Plasmodium spp. during a mortality event affecting Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) at a zoo in the UK

Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Plasmodium spp. cytb sequences. The phylogeny was estimated from a 378bp multiple sequence alignment using a GTR+Γ+І model (α = 0.488; proportion of invariant sites = 0.248). The tree is rooted with an outgroup of Leucocytozoon sequences (boxed). Node accuracy is indicated by an SH-like log-Likelihood ratio metric; bootstrap values greater than 0.5 are displayed in the tree. Novel sequences obtained in this study are shaded with their corresponding reference sequence; P. matutinum (MK443241), P. vaughani (MK652243) and P. relictum (JN164731). The clusters contain sequences derived from penguins, mosquitoes or wild birds, which is indicated by a penguin, mosquito or a bird symbol. One wild bird sequence is present in the P. matutinum cluster (OM912814); and three (MW814062, MW814149, MW814045), two (MW814453, MW814028) and two (MW814503, MW814500) mosquito sequences are present in the P. matutinum, P vaughani and P. relictum clusters respectively. The rest of the sequences in those clusters correspond to 23 novel sequences from penguins infected in the UK, indicating their origin (CZ: Chester Zoo, LZ: London Zoo, PZ: Paignton Zoo, BZ: Blackpool Zoo, CWP: Cotswold Wildlife Park) and year of sampling, if not 2017. Other shade sequences correspond to recognized morphospecies. P. vaughani cluster represents 145 novel sequences, P. matutinum cluster represents 345 novel sequences and P. relictum clusters represents 31 novel sequences. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)