Fig. 3 in Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight

Fig. 3. Articulated skeletons of Mesozoic birds, showing scapular position and glenoid orientation, with glenoids indicated by arrows. A. AMNH cast of "Berlin specimen" of Archaeopteryx lithographica, showing that the glenoids are anteroventral to the ribcage. The unnatural position of the left humerus above the glenoid is an artifact of dislocation of the left shoulder. B. AMNH cast of the "Eichstätt specimen" of Archaeopteryx lithographica, showing that the glenoid is anteroventral to the ribcage. C. Confuciusornis sanctus in dorsal view, showing wide spacing and lateral position of scapulae, with lateral extremities of vertebral column (extrapolated from dimensions of disarticulated dorsal vertebrae) represented by a pair of broken lines. Modified from Chiappe et al. (1999). D. The enantiornithine bird Eoalulavis hoyasi, LH 13500a, in dorsal view, showing close spacing and dorsal position of scapulae.