TABLE 1 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

<p>TABLE 1. &mdash; Distribution of fossil taxa for the Natma Formation among extant tropical forests of the Indo-Burman region, according to their Nearest Living Relatives. Only the most convincing NLR have been taken into consideration. Symbols and abbreviations: ●, main environment; &cir;, alternative environment; <b>1</b>, Tidal and coastal forests; <b>2</b>, Moist evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; <b>3</b>, Deciduous and seasonal forests; <b>4</b>, Dry forests and savanna woodlands. The specimen of <i>Cupressinoxylon</i> is not used here, as not diagnostic of any particular environment.The specimen indet sp. 1 is shown as an indication of possible relative modern ecosystem because the possible related taxa are mostly found in ecosystems in adequacy with our other specimens.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Fossil species</b></th><th><b>NLR</b></th><th><b>Modern ecosystems</b></th><th><b>1</b></th><th><b>2</b></th><th><b>3</b></th><th><b>4</b></th><th><b>Forest type</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Cynometroxylon holdeniae</i></th><td><i>Cynometra ramiflora</i> / <i>Cynometra polyandra</i></td><td>Tidal, back-mangrove, wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. In lowlands</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>up to 400-1300 m</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Cynometroxylon parainaequifolium</i></th><td><i>Cynometra inaequifolia</i> / <i>Cynometra polyandra</i></td><td>Tidal, back-mangrove, wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. In lowlands</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>Coastal forests</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>up to 400-1300 m</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pahudioxylon bankurensis</i></th><td><i>Intsia bijuga</i></td><td>Coastal areas, along tidal rivers or at the dry back of mangroves. Also wet evergreen forest</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>&cir;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>associated with Anisoptera. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>indet sp. 1</th><td><i>Dipterocarpus</i> / <i>Prioria</i></td><td>Wet evergreen forests, coastal forests, flooded and riparian forests, also in semi-evergeen</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&cir;</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>forest or savannahs. In lowlands.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dryobalanoxylon</i> sp.</th><td><i>Dryobalanops aromatica</i> / <i>D. oblongifolia</i></td><td>Lowland mixed dipterocarp forests, in coastal areas in sandy or gravelly soils. Also in wetter</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>soils. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>cf. Koompassioxylon</th><td><i>Koompassia</i> / <i>Kalappia</i> / <i>Martiodendron</i></td><td>Mostly rainforest. Also in coastal forest, riparian forests or swamps. Rarely in savannas or dry</td><td>&cir;</td><td>●</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>&cir;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>forests. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Koompassioxylon elegans</i></th><td><i>Koompassia malaccensis</i></td><td>Mostly freshwater peat-swamps. Also dry lands. Up to 150 m (800 m in elevated areas)</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>●</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>&cir;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Burseroxylon</i> sp.</th><td><i>Canarium bengalense</i> / <i>Protium serratum</i></td><td>Wet evergreen and moist dipterocarp forests, mostly along rivers. Also in deciduous forests</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>or monsonnal area. Up to 1300 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i> sp.</th><td><i>Anisoptera costata</i> / <i>Anisoptera scaphula</i></td><td>Moist (not everwet) evergreen and semi- evergreen dipterocarp forests, along rivers,</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>in seasonal forest and foothills. Up to 700 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i> cf. <i>jammuense</i></th><td><i>Dipterocarpus</i></td><td>Evergreen, semi-evergeen tropical forest, mixed dipterocarps forests. Also in seasonal forests.</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>Wet evergreen forests</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>In lowland (rarely up to 1400 m).</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dryobalanoxylon</i> cf. <i>javanense</i></th><td><i>Dryobalanops keithii</i> / <i>D. oblongifolia</i></td><td>Near water (periodically inundated, streams, poorly-drained soils...), in mixed dipterocarps</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>forests. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> cf. <i>sumatraense</i></th><td><i>Shorea negrosensis</i></td><td>Evergreen, semi-evergreen and seasonal dipterocarp forests. In lowlands.</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> cf. <i>deomaliense</i></th><td><i>Shorea laevis</i></td><td>Mixed dipterocarp forests. On undulated lands and well-drained soils. Up to 700-1000 m.</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&ndash;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis</i></th><td><i>Artocarpus lamellosus</i> / <i>Artocarpus chama</i></td><td>Mixed dipterocarp evergreen forests, but also in semi-deciduous forests, moist deciduous</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&cir;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>or monsoonal area. Up to 1500-1800 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> sp. 2</th><td><i>Shorea balangeran</i> / <i>Shorea laevis</i></td><td>From well-drained soils to peat-swamp forests. Also in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>&ndash;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>and hillsides. Up to 100(-1000)m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Albizinium eolebbekianum</i></th><td><i>Albizia lebbeck</i> / <i>Albizia ferruginea</i></td><td>Wooded savannas, dry forests borders, semi- decidous. Also rainforests, riparian or</td><td>&cir;</td><td>&cir;</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>periodically inundeted ofrests. Up to 1400 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pahudioxylon</i> cf. <i>bankurensis</i></th><td><i>Afzelia africana</i> / <i>A. javanica</i></td><td>Both present in humid evergreen and dry deciduous forests. Frequent in savannas. Up</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>&cir;</td><td>●</td><td>&cir;</td><td>Seasonal and</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>to 1400 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>dry forests</td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> sp. 1</th><td><i>Shorea parvifolia</i> /</td><td>Deciduous dry dipterocarp forests and under</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>Shorea obtusa</i></td><td>marked seasonal monsoon climates. Sometimes in moister forests or savannas.</td><td>&ndash;</td><td>&cir;</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Up to 1000 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>