FIGURE 10 in The abduction of phylogenetic hypotheses

FIGURE 10. Distinctions between abductive inferences based on strict descent with modification (A) as opposed to the use of a theory based on rate­dependent descent with modification (B). Since the latter allows for strictly tokogenetic causal conditions to account for the independent derivations of characters among individuals in different species, the explanations of these characters should be separately inferred as distinct sets of tokogenetic events (C), rather than being explained in a phylogenetic context.