Figure 2. A in On the natural history of Leptodactylus syphax with comments on the evolution of reproductive features in the L. pentadactylus species group (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Figure 2. A hypothesis on the distribution of major reproductive features for selected species of the Leptodactylus pentadactylus group (sensu Heyer 1979, 2005). This composed phylogeny is based on the literature (Heyer 1979, 1995; Maxson and Heyer 1988; Larson and de Sá 1998; Ponssa 2008). Features are represented by letters (literature hypotheses) or numbers (our hypotheses; see Discussion): a, nestling tadpoles can make foam; b, association with rocky/ lotic habitats, large mouthed tadpoles; c, semi-terrestrial tadpoles with depressed bodies and shallow tailed fins; d, carnivorous tadpoles (long muscular tail, frontal mouth); 1, excavated basins; 2, male foam-beating like windscreen wiper actions; 3, trophic eggs and nest oophagy; 4, post-nestling predatory/oophagous tadpoles (i.e. ability of taking eggs from heterospecific foam nests); 5, large-sized adults; 6, total tadpole development within the nest; 7, maternal care.