FIGURE 3. A in A standardized and statistically defensible framework for quantitative morphological analyses in taxonomic studies

FIGURE 3. A visual description of a boxplot to illustrate how outliers are detected. Using this method, values above the maximum range or below the minimum range are considered outliers. The maximum range is defined as the upper quartile (Q3) plus 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR), while the minimum range is defined as the lower quartile (Q1) minus 1.5 times the IQR.