FIGURE 2. The 5 in A standardized and statistically defensible framework for quantitative morphological analyses in taxonomic studies

FIGURE 2. The 5-step workflow for statistical hypothesis testing of morphological characters. Note that mensural and meristic data should be analyzed separately and that Step 4 should only be performed on mensural data. * = parametric tests; ** = nonparametric tests. The non-parametric tests shown here only serve as examples—the appropriate test should be selected based on which assumptions are violated. A companion R script that implements this workflow is provided in the Supplementary Material.