FIGURE 28 in Structure and phylogenetic significance of the sternum V glands in Trichoptera 2884

FIGURE 28. Tree illustrating mapping of gland characters with parsimony reconstruction of ancestral states. A: Annulipalpia. B: Spicipalpia + Integripalpia. Only taxa in which the gland is present are included since presence/absence is illustrated in Fig. 1. Apart from taxa in which the gland is absent, I excluded Limnephilus harrimani (Limnephilidae) as most characters for this species were scored as unknown, and several other Limnephilus species are included. Characters 1 (gland presence/absence) and 2 (gland presence/absence in females) are not included here; character 1 because it is present in all included taxa, character 2 because it is present or unknown in all included taxa. If 2 or more equally parsimonious reconstructions were presented for a single trait, I chose to minimize independent origins of the trait. The exception to this is character 10. This character is a subset of character 8, and was treated as such; character 10 could not be present if character 8 was not. Ancestral reconstruction of character 10 by Mesquite differed from character 8 due to a larger number of taxa scored as unknown for character 10. For binary characters a minus in front of the character number indicate a loss. For multistate characters the character state is indicated with superscript numbers appended to the character numbers, and all state changes are indicated. Characters: 3) gland presence/absence in males; 4) grooves between epidermal cells, binary; 5) grooves between epidermal cells, multistate: 0— absence, 1—scaly patch, 2—polygons on protuberance, 3—hexagonal cuticle; 6) bald area extending from front edge of sternite and encompassing gland opening; 7) internal cuticular ridge around gland opening; 8) protuberance in either sex; 9) protuberance in females; 10) protuberance in males; 11) protuberance with groove with 'wavy' sides; 12) protuberance with groove and polygons; 13) protuberance/bulge with setae; 14) short protuberance with very long setae; 15) opening muscles: 0—absent while gland present, 1—Lepidoptera-type, 2—Trichoptera-type; 16) reservoir shape: 0—none of the following, 1—reniform, 2—periform, 3—ovoid or round, 4—elongate and compartmentalised; 17) perforated patches in females: 0—absent, 1—associated with sternum V glands, 2—associated with fenestral glands; 18) reservoir musculature; 19) parallel reservoir musculature; 20) secretory cells: 0—adjacent to reservoir, 1—separate from reservoir; 21) gland duct in females: 0—no sharp bends, 1—sharp, knee-like bend. See Materials and methods for a more thorough description of the characters with references to appropriate figures.