Figure 10 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 10. Comparison of the hyobranchial apparatus in a phylogenetic context. Apparatus are depicted in ventral view, rostral towards the top of the page. From left to right are depicted a salamander (Andrias davidianus), a tortoise (Manouria emys emys), a tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), an iguanian lizard (Uromastyx sp.), a crocodylian (Caiman), an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Pinacosaurus grangeri; this study), a basally branching non-avian theropod (Carnotaurus sastrei), a deeply nested non-avian theropod (Khaan mckennai; M.D.D., pers. observ.), an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), a chicken (Gallus gallus), a water rail (Rallus aquaticus), and the superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae). The placement of turtles is controversial (Lee, 2013; Lyson et al. 2013). Apparatus are scaled to roughly the same first ceratobranchial length. Reconstructions are modified from Fürbringer (1922), Gnanamuthu (1937), Bonaparte et al. (1990), and Heiss et al. (2011, 2013). Elements in white are of uncertain homology relative to dinosaurian hyobranchial apparatus elements. The colours of elements follow Figure 3: red, bony or cartilaginous paraglossalia or paraglossal; blue, first ceratobranchial; orange, second ceratobranchial; yellow, epibranchial; green, basihyal. Note that bone and cartilage are not distinguished in this figure; the three extinct taxa (Pinacosaurus, Carnotaurus, and Khaan) might have had more extensive, cartilaginous apparatus.