Figure 4 in An evolutionary comparative analysis of the medusozoan (Cnidaria) exoskeleton

Figure 4. Phylogenetic hypothesis of the exoskeleton in Cnidaria, with fossil Medusozoa, with optimization for different skeleton types: calcareous, corneous, coriaceous; bilayered;? unknown, without exoskeleton. Skeleton composition: chitin, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and putative peroxidase proteins, chitin-protein and GAGs. Lineages are by colour: yellow, Anthozoa; orange, Staurozoa; green Cubozoa; purple, Scyphozoa; blue, Trachylina; dark green, Capitata; grey, Siphonophora; brown, Aplanulata; red, 'Anthoathecata'; cyan, Leptothecata. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total number of extant species, based on Daly et al. (2007) and Collins (2009). Solid bars indicate fossils, open squares do not have fossil records. Red circles indicate groups with internal, chitinous skeletons. This hypothesis combines the phylogeny in Collins et al. (2006) with, for the position of the Conulatae, Van Iten et al. (2006, 2014) and Cartwright et al. (2008). Hypothetical relations for Hydroidolina are based on unpublished data (M. M. Maronna & A. C. Marques). Images of fossils: 1, Cubozoa and Narcomedusae (Cartwright et al., 2007); 2, Conulatae (Van Iten et al., 2013a); 3, Pseudodiscophylum windermerensis (Fryer & Stanley, 2004); 4, Lepidopora sp. (modified from Cairns & Grant-Mackie, 1993); 5, Sinobryon elongatum (Balinski et al., 2014).