Figure 4. A in Morphometrics: History, development methods and prospects

Figure 4. A selection of standard linear distance measurements used to quantify form variation in fish. Note the level of redundancy and uneven coverage of the form inherent in these measurements as well as the fact that the endpoints (= landmarks) that define these distances are not always located at topologically corresponding locations on biologically homologous structures. Fish image courtesy of The Natural History Museum (London, image no. BMNH 413511).