Fig. 24 in Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)

Fig. 24. Character optimization showing unambiguous character changes on internodes of one of the single shortest trees from figure 23 (the two minimal length topologies differ only in relationships within Liopteridae, and thus the subfamilies of this group are collapsed into a single terminal for the purposes of the figure, with those unambiguous character optimizations for the modern liopterid clade being noted). Solid circles indicate unambiguous character transformations; open circles show homoplastic character transformations.