Figure 3 in New morphological evidence supports congruent phylogenies and Gondwana vicariance for palaeognathous birds

Figure 3. Evolution of the avian palate, ventral view, based on the phylogeny in Figure 4A. Rhynchotus is used as a representative of tinamous and Anomalopteryx of moas. Phoebastria (Livezey & Zusi, 2006) (Neoaves), Anseranas (Murray & Vickers-Rich, 2004) (Galloanserae), Archaeopteryx (Elzanowski, 2001), and Aepyornis (Simonetta, 1960) are after published accounts. The reconstruction of Hesperornis has been extended from the accounts of Elzanowski (1991) and Gingerich (1976) by adding choana and vomer. The cranial base represents parasphenoid and basisphenoid, the caudal limit of the basisphenoid is approximate. The arrows indicate: in Archaeopteryx, the long axis of the palatine directed at the basal articulation (similar in Hesperornis, Struthio, and Aepyornis); in Rhea, the medial edge of the palatine is directed toward the midline (similar in Anomalopteryx, Dromaius, Casuarius, Phoebastria, and Anseranas); in Rhynchotus, medial deviation of the lateral edge of the palatine toward the midline (similar in Anomalopteryx, Dromaius, Phoebastria, and Anseranas).