Evolutionary conservation and diversification of auditory neural circuits that process courtship songs in Drosophila

<p><span>Acoustic communication signals diversify even on short evolutionary time scales. To understand how the auditory system underlying acoustic communication could evolve, we conducted a systematic comparison of the early stages of the auditory neural circuit involved in song information processing between closely-related fruit-fly species. Male <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em> and <em>D</em>. <em>simulans</em> produce different sound signals during mating rituals, known as courtship songs. Female flies from these species selectively increase their receptivity when they hear songs with conspecific temporal patterns. Here, we first confirmed interspecific differences in temporal pattern preferences; <em>D</em>. <em>simulans</em> preferred pulse songs with longer intervals than <em>D</em>. <em>melanogaster</em>. Primary and secondary song-relay neurons, JO neurons and AMMC-B1 neurons, shared similar morphology and neurotransmitters between species. The temporal pattern preferences of AMMC-B1 neurons were also relatively similar between species, with slight but significant differences in their band-pass properties. Although the shift direction of the response property matched that of the behavior, these differences are not large enough to explain behavioral differences in song preferences. This study enhances our understanding of the conservation and diversification of the architecture of the early-stage neural circuit which processes acoustic communication signals.</span></p>