Acclimation limits for embolism resistance and osmotic adjustment accompany the geographic dry edge of Mediterranean species

<p>Survival and growth of woody species in the Mediterranean are mainly restricted by water availability. We tested the hypothesis that Mediterranean species acclimate their xylem vulnerability and osmotic potential along a precipitation gradient.</p> <p>We studied five predominant co-occurring Mediterranean species; <em>Quercus calliprinos</em>, <em>Pistacia palaestina</em>, <em>Pistacia lentiscus</em>, <em>Rhamnus lycioides</em>, and <em>Phillyrea latifolia</em>, over two summers at three sites. The driest of the sites is the distribution edge for all the five species. We measured key hydraulic and osmotic traits related to drought resistance, including resistance to embolism (<span class="None">Ψ₅₀₎</span> and the seasonal dynamics of water and osmotic potentials.</p> <p>The leaf water potentials (<span class="None">Ψ₁</span>) of all species declined significantly along the summer, reaching significantly lower <span class="None">Ψ_l</span> at the end of summer in the drier sites. Surprisingly, we did not find plasticity along the drought gradient in <span class="None">Ψ₅₀</span> or osmotic potentials. This resulted in much narrower hydraulic safety margins (HSM) in the drier sites, where some species experienced significant embolism.</p> <p>Our analysis indicates that reduction in HSM to null values put Mediterranean species in embolism risk as they approach their hydraulic limit near the geographic dry edge of their distribution.</p>