Tropical plant–hummingbird interactions withstand short-term experimental removal of a common flowering plant

<p>In this study, we simulated the extirpation of a hummingbird-pollinated understory plant, <em>Heliconia tortuosa</em>, from tropical forest fragments using a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) experimental design while quantifying hummingbird space use, foral visitation rates, and plant pollination success. Each response variable was measured during each experimental period (pre and post) in sites with and without <em>H. tortuosa </em>removal (treatment and control).</p>