Figure 6 in Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of Orchidaceae using nuclear genes and evolutionary insights into epiphytism

Figure 6. Divergence time and diversification rate upshifts of Orchidaceae (A) Achronogram inferred using TreePL with the topology of the summary tree from four coalescent trees and with branch length calculated from a concatenated data set containing 299 genes, showing temporal evolutionary patterns of subtribe and higher ranks of Orchidaceae. Numbers near nodes indicate the estimated ages of corresponding nodes. The branch colors indicate the net diversification rate estimated using BAMM, and corresponding rates are shown in the legend at the top of the chronogram. Triangles or lines on terminal branches represent the range of species number of corresponding taxa as indicated to the left side of the chronogram. Ageological time scale is shown at the bottom of the chronogram, with an estimated temperature change curve for the Late Cretaceous (Veizer et al., 2000) and the Cenozoic (Westerhold et al., 2020). Also shown are the K‐Pg boundary, Paleocene– Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), an origin of the modern rainforests (Carvalho et al., 2021), and the origin of epiphytism shared by MCVECP (Malaxideae, Cymbidieae, Vandeae, Epidendreae, Collabieae, and Podochileae) clade inferred in this study. The orange up arrows on branches indicate the net diversification rate upshifts inferred in BAMM using subtribe‐level sampling fractions; the blue up arrows on branches and in the triangles indicate the net diversification rate upshifts inferred in Epidendreae and Vandeae using genus‐level sampling fractions. The same color scheme of taxon names in Figures 1–4 is used here. (B) A histogram plot shows the temporal pattern of divergence events of ancestors of orchid subtribes, genera, and species. The height of each bin indicates the number of divergent events within five million years, and the vertical dashed lines indicate mean ages of divergent events of each rank. (C) The temporal change pattern of the Orchidaceae net diversification rate. K‐Pg boundary, an origin of the modern rainforests, PETM, and the origin of epiphytism shared by members of the MCVECP clade are indicated.