Supplementary Material to the Publication: Clonal relation between Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin strains of bovine and food origin in Germany

<p>OHEJP Project: BeOne</p> <p><em>Salmonella enterica </em>serovar Dublin (<em>S</em>. Dublin) is a host-adapted serovar that causes enteritis and/or systemic diseases in cattle. Because the serovar is not host-specific, it can infect other species, including human beings, causing severe disease and a higher mortality rate than other non-typhoidal serovars. Given that human illnesses are primarily caused by contaminated milk, milk products, and beef, data on the genetic connection between <em>S</em>. Dublin strains from livestock and food should be analyzed.&nbsp;</p> <p>Whole&nbsp;genome&nbsp;sequencing&nbsp;(WGS)&nbsp;was&nbsp;performed&nbsp;on&nbsp;144&nbsp;<em>S</em>.&nbsp;Dublin&nbsp;strains&nbsp;from&nbsp;cattle&nbsp;and&nbsp;30&nbsp;strains&nbsp;from&nbsp;food. Multilocus&nbsp;sequence&nbsp;typing&nbsp;(MLST)&nbsp;found&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;majority&nbsp;of&nbsp;livestock&nbsp;and&nbsp;food&nbsp;isolates&nbsp;were&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;sequence&nbsp;type&nbsp;ST-10. As&nbsp;discovered&nbsp;by&nbsp;core-genome&nbsp;Single-Nucleotide&nbsp;Polymorphisms&nbsp;Typing&nbsp;and&nbsp;core-genome&nbsp;MLST,&nbsp;14&nbsp;of&nbsp;30&nbsp;strains&nbsp;from&nbsp;food&nbsp;origin&nbsp;were&nbsp;clonally&nbsp;related&nbsp;to&nbsp;at&nbsp;least&nbsp;one&nbsp;strain&nbsp;from&nbsp;cattle. Without&nbsp;outliers,&nbsp;the&nbsp;remaining&nbsp;16&nbsp;food-borne&nbsp;strains&nbsp;fit&nbsp;into&nbsp;the&nbsp;genomic&nbsp;structure&nbsp;of&nbsp;<em>S</em>.&nbsp;Dublin&nbsp;in&nbsp;Germany. WGS&nbsp;demonstrated&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;an&nbsp;effective&nbsp;method&nbsp;not&nbsp;only&nbsp;for&nbsp;learning&nbsp;about&nbsp;the&nbsp;epidemiology&nbsp;of&nbsp;Salmonella&nbsp;strains,&nbsp;but&nbsp;also&nbsp;for&nbsp;detecting&nbsp;clonal&nbsp;relationships&nbsp;between&nbsp;organisms&nbsp;isolated&nbsp;at&nbsp;different&nbsp;stages&nbsp;of&nbsp;production.&nbsp;This&nbsp;study&nbsp;discovered&nbsp;a&nbsp;strong&nbsp;genetic&nbsp;link&nbsp;between&nbsp;<em>S</em>.&nbsp;Dublin&nbsp;strains&nbsp;from&nbsp;cattle&nbsp;and&nbsp;food,&nbsp;and&nbsp;thus&nbsp;the&nbsp;potential&nbsp;to&nbsp;cause&nbsp;human&nbsp;infections. <em>S</em>.&nbsp;Dublin&nbsp;strains&nbsp;from&nbsp;both&nbsp;origins&nbsp;have&nbsp;a&nbsp;nearly&nbsp;comparable&nbsp;collection&nbsp;of&nbsp;virulence&nbsp;factors,&nbsp;emphasizing&nbsp;their&nbsp;ability&nbsp;to&nbsp;produce&nbsp;severe&nbsp;clinical&nbsp;symptoms&nbsp;in&nbsp;animals&nbsp;as&nbsp;well&nbsp;as&nbsp;humans,&nbsp;emphasizing&nbsp;the&nbsp;importance&nbsp;of&nbsp;effective&nbsp;<em>S</em>.&nbsp;Dublin&nbsp;management&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;farm&nbsp;to&nbsp;fork&nbsp;strategy.</p>