Figure 4 in Multiple mitogenomes indicate Things Fall Apart with Out of Africa or Asia hypotheses for the phylogeographic evolution

Figure 4. An mtDNA-based molecular clock for within- and among-subspecies divergences of A. mellifera. Sequences are coded as in Fig. 2: only one representative each of A. m. scutellata and A. m. capensis is included (n = 37). Divergence times are calculated from a linearized ML model with A. m. mellifera sequences as the designated outgroup (cf. Supplementary Fig. S2). Ŀe clock is calibrated from the mean linearized nucleotide subs/site distances to each node (Relative Time) at 0.0115 subs/site/Myr (see text for sample calculation). See Supplementary Fig. S4 for the clock of A. mellifera within Apis, with Bombus as the designated outgroup.