Fig. 1 in Climate-driven variation in dispersal ability predicts responses to forest fragmentation in birds

Fig. 1 | Hypothesespredictingthedistributionoffragmentation-sensitive species. Thetoppathway (a) illustrateshow ' extinctionfilters' linkedto historicaldisturbances (forexample, fireandanthropogenicforestloss) canbenon-random,removingspeciestraitsassociatedwithsensitivityto disturbanceandretainingmoreresilientsurvivors.Tropicalbirdcommunities thathavelargelyavoidedseverehistoricaldisturbancetheoreticallycontain morespecieswithdisturbance-sensitivetraits (suchaspoordispersaland ecologicalspecialiZation),accentuatingtheimpactsofforestfragmentation (b). Backgroundturnoverofspecies,shownin (b) butpresentinallpathways, israndomwithrespecttodisturbance-sensitivetraits.Adifferentmechanism involvestheevolutionofflightadaptationstocopewithseasonalfluctuations intemperatureandresources (including vegetation,insects,flowersand fruits).In birds, thepredominantadaptationtoseasonalityinvolvesincreased mobility (fromlocaldispersaltolong-distancemigration),sohighly seasonal communitieslackdispersal-limitedspecies,potentiallyincreasingtheir resiliencetoforestfragmentation (c) incomparisonwithclimaticallystable regions (b). Relativespeciesrichnessisshownbythenumberofbirdsilhouettes inthecommunity.