Fig. 12 in Stilbenes: Source plants, chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, application and problems related to their clinical Application-A comprehensive review

Fig. 12. Biosynthesis of stilbenes in microbes: For high production of stilbenes in microbes such as E. coli, the metabolic pathway of malonyl-CoA, the major and common extender substrate during conversion of coumaroyl, cinnamyl, and caffeoyl-CoAs to their respective monomeric stilbenes, is mainly manipulated. Enzymes of side pathways leading to the synthesis of fatty acids and acetate from acetyl-CoA, the direct precursor of malonyl-CoA, are inhibited, or their encoding enzymes are down-regulated or knocked out. For more efficient and high production of the stilbenes, there is also host, pathway, and enzyme engineering in the pathway of converting coumaroyl, cinnamyl, and caffeoyl- CoAs to monomeric stilbenes using STS.