White-tailed deer responses to predator cues depend upon past land use and contemporary fire regime

<p>Prey can assess immediate risk of predation by detecting cues of predator presence, and it is expected that prey should invest in costly antipredator behaviors when a cue of predator presence is detected. Features of the habitat in which the cue is detected, such as vegetative concealment, serve as indirect cues of risk and can mediate how prey respond to direct cues of predator presence. Past agricultural land use and contemporary fire regime are common disturbances that may modify prey perceptions of risk and could therefore alter prey responses to direct cues of predator presence. We examined whether the overlap of these two disturbances affected white-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus virginianus</em>) responses to cues of predator presence by measuring deer vigilance and foraging bout duration in response to coyote (<em>Canis latrans</em>) vocalizations across 20 woodlands that varied in past land use and contemporary fire regime. Frequent fire regimes consistently increased deer visibility to predators across both land-use history contexts. Deer exhibited no behavioral response to the predator cue in habitats containing infrequent fire regimes or agricultural legacies. Deer responded to the cue in frequently burned woodlands without agricultural legacies through increased vigilance and duration spent at a foraging location. These findings reveal that land-use legacies and contemporary fire regimes can mediate how prey respond to direct cues of risk. They also suggest that prey may balance the uncertainty associated with cues of predation risk with the urgency of responding to a potential attack by being vigilant and remaining in place.</p>