Figure 4. 3D in Cranial variation between coastal and offshore boưlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in Ecuador and the Mediterranean: a three-dimensional geometric morphometric study

Figure 4. 3D PCA morphospace generated from the automatic landmarking procedure, with samples categorized by a priori groups. Shaded areas correspond to 90% kernel density clouds for each cluster, as calculated in the R package KS (Duong 2007). Line graphs around the PCA plot represent vector displacement graphs, which represent the difference in landmark position between the mean landmark configuration and specimens grouped along the positive PC1 (A), PC2 (B), and PC3 (C). Darker colour shows a higher rate of shape change for the corresponding landmark.