Supporting Data for " Impacts of the North Atlantic Biases on the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere over the Extratropical North Pacific"

<p>This repository contains the&nbsp;supporting data (in the NetCDF format) for the following paper:</p> <p>Joshi, R. and Zhang, R., 2023, Impacts of the North Atlantic Biases on the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere over the Extratropical North Pacific,&nbsp;<em>npj Clim Atmos Sci.&nbsp;</em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00482-4">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00482-4</a>&nbsp;</p> <p>In this study, Robust Diagnostic Calculations (RDC) are&nbsp;conducted in a fully coupled high-resolution climate model to correct the North Atlantic ocean circulation and associated temperature biases present in the model. The same fully coupled high-resolution climate model is used to generate a present-day control simulation without correcting North Atlantic ocean circulation biases for comparison.&nbsp;The long-term mean difference between the control and RDC experiments (Control minus RDC) is used to assess the influence of the North Atlantic biases on winter upper troposphere/lower stratosphere vertical motion and temperature changes over the extratropical North Pacific.</p> <p><strong>Descriptions of data files:</strong></p> <p>1. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and ocean current at 120 m depth from control and RDC experiment as shown in Fig. 1a,d.</p> <p>RDC_SST_current_120m.nc</p> <p>Control_SST_current_120m.nc</p> <p>2. Ocean&nbsp;temperature and current at 2500 m depth from RDC and control experiment as shown in Fig. 1b,e.</p> <p>RDC_temp_current_2500m.nc</p> <p>Control_temp_current_2500m.nc</p> <p>3. Meridional ocean velocity in the North Atlantic at section 45^oN from RDC and control experiment as shown in Fig. 1c,f.</p> <p>RDC_v45N.nc</p> <p>Control_v45N.nc</p> <p>4.&nbsp;Difference of wintertime (JFM) mean near-surface (2-m) air temperature, meridional eddy heat flux at 925hPa, 95th percentile large-scale extreme precipitation, and total precipitation between the control and RDC experiments, as shown in Fig. 2.</p> <p>t2m_diff.nc</p> <p>VT_diff.nc</p> <p>precip95_diff.nc</p> <p>precip_diff.nc</p> <p>5.&nbsp;&nbsp;Difference of wintertime (JFM) mean geopotential height, temperature, and winds between the control and RDC experiments at different pressure levels, as shown in Fig. 3,4.</p> <p>hght_diff_spatial.nc</p> <p>temp_diff_spatial.nc</p> <p>ucomp_diff_spatial.nc&nbsp;</p> <p>vcomp_diff_spatial.nc&nbsp;</p> <p>6.&nbsp; Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level&nbsp;for the statistical testing of wintertime mean geopotential height difference between the control and RDC experiments shown in Fig. 3.&nbsp;The file is a mask with values &lsquo;1&rsquo; and &lsquo;0&rsquo; where &lsquo;0&rsquo; represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.</p> <p>hght_ttest_spatial.nc</p> <p>7.&nbsp; Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level&nbsp;for the statistical testing of wintertime mean air temperature&nbsp;difference between the control and RDC experiments shown in Fig. 4.&nbsp;The file is a mask with values &lsquo;1&rsquo; and &lsquo;0&rsquo; where &lsquo;0&rsquo; represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.</p> <p>temp_ttest_spatial.nc</p> <p>8.&nbsp; Zonally averaged difference of&nbsp;winter&nbsp;(JFM) zonal wind, geopotential height, and air temperature&nbsp;between the control and RDC experiments over the extratropical North Pacific, as shown in Fig. 5.</p> <p>ucomp_diff_lonavg.nc</p> <p>temp_diff_lonavg.nc</p> <p>hght_diff_lonavg.nc</p> <p>9.&nbsp; Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level for the statistical testing of wintertime zonally averaged mean air temperature&nbsp;difference between the control and RDC experiments over extratropical North Pacific shown in Fig. 5a.&nbsp;The file is a mask with values &lsquo;1&rsquo; and &lsquo;0&rsquo; where &lsquo;0&rsquo; represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.</p> <p>temp_ttest_lonavg.nc</p> <p>10.&nbsp; Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level for the statistical testing of wintertime zonally averaged mean zonal wind difference between the control and RDC experiments over extratropical North Pacific shown in Fig. 5b.&nbsp;The file is a mask with values &lsquo;1&rsquo; and &lsquo;0&rsquo; where &lsquo;0&rsquo; represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.</p> <p>ucomp_ttest_lonavg.nc</p> <p>11.&nbsp;&nbsp;Difference of&nbsp;winter&nbsp;(JFM) mean vertical velocity in pressure coordinates&nbsp;between the control and RDC experiments, as shown in Fig. 6.</p> <p>omega_diff_spatial.nc</p> <p>12.&nbsp; Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level&nbsp;for the statistical testing of wintertime mean vertical velocity&nbsp;difference between the control and RDC experiments shown in Fig. 6.&nbsp;The file is a mask with values &lsquo;1&rsquo; and &lsquo;0&rsquo; where &lsquo;0&rsquo; represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.</p> <p>omega_ttest_spatial.nc</p> <p>13.&nbsp; Contribution of the mean zonal flow advection of the temperature change to the horizontal advection as shown in Fig. 7a</p> <p>horizontal_advection_contribution.nc</p> <p>14.&nbsp; Contribution of the vertical advection of mean potential temperature by the change in omega to the adiabatic heating&nbsp;as shown in Fig. 7b</p> <p>adiabatic_heating_contribution.nc</p> <p>15.&nbsp; Two-sided student t-test at a 5% significance level for the statistical testing of differences in Fig. 7a and Fig. 7b.&nbsp;The file is a mask with values &lsquo;1&rsquo; and &lsquo;0&rsquo; where &lsquo;0&rsquo; represents the region not significant at a 5% significance level.</p> <p>horizontal_advection_contribution_ttest.nc</p> <p>adiabatic_heating_contribution_ttest.nc</p> <p>16.&nbsp; Meridionally averaged difference of&nbsp;winter&nbsp;(JFM) geopotential height and air temperature between the control and RDC experiments over the extratropical North Pacific, as shown in Fig. 9b.</p> <p>hght_diff_latavg.nc</p> <p>temp_diff_latavg.nc</p> <p>17.&nbsp; Two-sided student t-test at 5% significance level for the statistical testing of wintertime meridionally averaged mean air temperature&nbsp;difference between the control and RDC experiments over extratropical North Pacific in Fig. 9b.&nbsp;The file is a mask with values &lsquo;1&rsquo; and &lsquo;0&rsquo; where &lsquo;0&rsquo; represents the region not significant at 5% significance level.</p> <p>temp_ttest_latavg.nc</p> <p><strong>Acknowledgments</strong></p> <p>We acknowledge using the following data sets and model codes in this study.&nbsp;The World Ocean Atlas 2013 (WOA13) data were downloaded from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly the National Oceanographic Data) https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/OC5/woa13/woa13.pl. The CSIRO ATLAS of REGIONAL SEAS 2009 version (CARS2009) data (<a href="http://www.marine.csiro.au/~dunn/cars2009/">http://www.marine.csiro.au/~dunn/cars2009/</a>) were developed and provided by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Marine and Atmospheric Research and downloaded from <a href="http://www.marine.csiro.au/atlas/">http://www.marine.csiro.au/atlas/</a>. The Japanese Ocean Flux Data set with Use of Remote Sensing Observations (J-OFURO3 V168) is for the period 1988-2013 and can be downloaded from <a href="https://www.j-ofuro.com/en/dataset">https://www.j-ofuro.com/en/dataset</a>.&nbsp;The code of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled climate model version 2.5 (CM2.5) is publicly available at <a href="https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cm2-5-and-flor-quickstart/">https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cm2-5-and-flor-quickstart/</a>.&nbsp;The relevant citations for the above datasets and model code are listed in Joshi and Zhang 2023.</p>