Fig. 3 in Thermal adaptation in North American cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 3. Thermal responses of species with different emergence times in the same habitat. All Magicicada species are active early in the year (May-June) while the Neotibicen species are active in late summer (August-September). ANOVA tests show all thermal responses are significantly different with P <0.001. Species pairs differ significantly (P <0.05 or smaller) except those marked with *, **, ***, †, or †† which have P> 0.05. Maximum voluntary tolerance (MVT) and heat torpor temperatures (HTT) are elevated in species active late in the season when there is the potential exposure to higher temperatures. See text for statistical analysis of each species pair.