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420 results for “Body size data”

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Data from: The little fishes that could: smaller fishes demonstrate slow body size evolution but faster speciation in the family Percidae

Body size impacts numerous aspects of organismal biology and many factors have been invoked to explain body size distributions in a macroecological and macroevolutionary context. Body size in the freshwater fish family Percidae is strongly right-skewed (i.e, dominated by small sizes), with small body size potentially being associated with fast water habitats. We constructed a new species-level, multi-locus, time-calibrated phylogeny of Percidae, and used it to test for changes in the rate and pattern of maximum body size evolution. We also tested whether speciation rates varied as a function of body size. We found that Etheostomatinae evolved towards a smaller adaptive optimum in body size compared to the other subfamilies of Percidae, and that this shift was associated with a reduction in the rate of body size evolution. Speciation rates were associated with body size across percids, showing a peak around small to medium body size. Small body size appears to partially, but not fully, explain the diversity of small percids, as many darters fall well below the "optimum" body size. Reinforcement of selection for small body size via selection for novel morphologies or via sexual selection may help to fully explain the remarkable diversity of the darter radiation.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Data analysis from: Demographic consequences of changing body size in a terrestrial salamander

Changes in climate can alter individual body size, and the resulting shifts in reproduction and survival are expected to impact population dynamics and viability. However, appropriate methods to account for size-dependent demographic changes are needed, especially in understudied yet threatened groups such as amphibians. We investigated individual and population-level demographic effects of changes in body size for a terrestrial salamander using capture-mark-recapture data. For our analysis, we implemented an integral projection model parameterized with capture-recapture likelihood estimates from a Bayesian framework. Our study combines survival and growth data from a single dataset to quantify the influence of size on survival while including different sources of uncertainty around these parameters, demonstrating how selective forces can be studied in populations with limited data and incomplete recaptures. We found a strong dependency of the population growth rate on changes in individual size, mediated by potential changes in selection on mean body size and on maximum body size. Our approach of simultaneous parameter estimation can be extended across taxa to identify eco-evolutionary mechanisms acting on size-specific vital rates, and thus shaping population dynamics and viability.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Data of wing size and body size of three cicada species

Sexual dimorphism in body size has been observed for many insect species, while whether dimorphism influences the flight performance for closely related insects or between the sexes of conspecifics however has seldom been examined. We collected the nymphs of three species of cicadas, Cryptotympana atrata, Meimuna mongolica, and Platypleura kaempferi in their eclosion or as adults that had just shed their exoskeletons and were drying their wings on tree trunks or branches at the Nanjing Forestry University campus. Because the sample size of C. atrata from the Nanjing Forestry campus was too small, we collected more C. atrata adults that were resting on trees using a metal rod tipped with sticky flour at another site that is 13.7 km away from the Nanjing Forestry University campus. The fresh body mass and body length were measured, and the two pairs of wings were surgically removed with a scalpel and then scanned using a photo scanner. We extracted the planar coordinates of wing boundaries and then calculated wing areas using the computer programs that were first developed to calculate leaf area in prior studies. Total wing area per individual is equal to the sum of wing areas of the pairs of forewings and hindwings. In this data set, we provided the data of wing size (including forewing and hindwing length, width and area) and those of body size (including body length and mass) of the three cicada species. The wing data of males and females were distinguished.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Largest-known fossil penguin provides insight into the early evolution of sphenisciform body size and flipper anatomy

Recent fossil discoveries from New Zealand have revealed a remarkably diverse assemblage of Paleocene stem group penguins. Here, we add to this growing record by describing nine new penguin specimens from the late Paleocene (upper Teurian local stage; 55.5–59.5Ma) Moeraki Formation of the South Island, New Zealand. The largest specimen is assigned to a new species, Kumimanu fordycei sp. nov., that may have been the largest penguin ever to have lived. Allometric regressions based on humerus length and humerus head width of extant penguins yield mean estimates of a live body mass in the range of 159.4 kg (95% CI: 143.4 kg–179.6kg) and 148.7 kg (95% CI: 143.4kg–180.0kg), respectively, for Kumimanu fordycei. A second new species, Petradyptes stonehousei gen. et sp. nov., is represented by five specimens and was slightly larger than the extant emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri. Two small humeri represent an additional smaller unnamed penguin species. Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses recover Kumimanu and Petradyptes crownward of the early Paleocene mainland NZ taxa Waimanu and Muriwaimanu, but stemward of the Chatham Island taxon Kupoupou. These analyses differ, however, in the placement of these two taxa relative to Sequiwaimanu, Crossvallia, and Kaiika. The massive size and placement of Kumimanu fordycei close to the root of the penguin tree provide additional support for a scenario in which penguins reached the upper limit of sphenisciform body size very early in their evolutionary history, while still retaining numerous plesiomorphic features of the flipper.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

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