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Fig. 10 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 10. SEM photographs of phosphatized endolithic community of bryozoans and "fungi" (morphotype B) from the Early Devonian of Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. ZPAL Br XIV/154. A. Fragmentary preserved colony in basal view. B. Oblique view showing filaments with perpendicular branches. C. Close−up of branching filaments. D–F. Side views of bryozoan autozooid perforated by endolithic "fungal" hyphae.

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Fig. 3 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 3. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. Stereo−pairs of phosphatized colonies in basal view; frontal parts of the colonies and orifices are not visible as they opened onto the surface of the host shell. A–C. Internal views of partly preserved zooids with basal walls collapsed, soft−tissue preserved inside autozooids, and orifices visible at the distal ends of autozooids. A. ZPAL Br XIV/008. B. ZPAL Br XIV/009. C. ZPAL Br XIV/015. D–F. Basal views of the colonies with zooid completely preserved. D. ZPAL Br XIV/002. E. ZPAL Br XIV/155. F. ZPAL Br XIV/157.

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Fig. 6 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 6. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs showing imprints of the molluscan host shell microstructures preserved on the surface of the coating layer (internal mould of the interstitial space). A. Basal part of the autozooid specimen, ZPAL Br XIV/155. B. Oblique lateral view showing the coating layer with host shell microstructure preserved; the external surface of cuticle is visible only in places where the coating layer have been damaged; arrow shows poorly visible micro−pore on the surface of cuticle, ZPAL Br XIV/002. H

Fig. 5 in Late Tortonian bryozoans from Mut Basin, Central Anatolian Plateau, southern Turkey

Fig. 5. Interior view of an ascophoran bryozoan Ostrovskia triforamina gen. et sp. nov. from the Miocene of Turkey. A. PM2−T1155, interior view of several zooecia showing a perforated ovicell, marginal areolar−septular pore canals in section, small pseudopores, and, in the left−hand zooecium, the interior of a triangular heterozooecium inside the peristome. B. PM2−T1157, proximal interior of a peristome with the fractured chamber of a triangular intraperistomial heterozooecium. C. PM2−T1158, detail of two broken peristomes showing triangular heterozooecium with small pores situated inside. D. PM2−T1156, oblique view of ovicell autozooecium showing perforation of ovicell and part of an intra−peristomial heterozooecium with one corner opening toward an interior areolar−septular pore. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 4 in Late Tortonian bryozoans from Mut Basin, Central Anatolian Plateau, southern Turkey

Fig. 4. Exterior and interior view of an ascophoran bryozoan Ostrovskia triforamina gen. et sp. nov. from the Miocene of Turkey. A. PM2−T1245, holotype, exterior view showing arrangement of autozooecia and the broken tips of intra−peristomial heterozooecia visible on the proximal margin of the orifice, appearing as denticles. B. PM2−T1246, interior view showing immersed ovicell, marginal areolar−septular pore canals in section, perforation of frontal wall and small condyles on the sides of the orifice. C. PM2−T1247, detail of autozooecia showing ovicells with perforated endooecium and a small suboral area of imperforate frontal shield. D. PM2−T1134, detail of ovicell with entooecial perforations and, proximolateral to it on both sides, broken areolar−septular pore canals. All specimens from sample BAS 4. Scale bars A, 1 mm; B–D, 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Late Tortonian bryozoans from Mut Basin, Central Anatolian Plateau, southern Turkey

Fig. 3. Interior view of an ascophoran bryozoan Basyaylella elsae gen. et sp. nov. from the Miocene of Turkey. A. PM2−T126, detail showing part of a concealed ovicell chamber (broken) and the reduced umbonuloid part of the frontal shield. B. PM2−T1159, autozooecial profiles with clearly observable umbonuloid part of the frontal shield, smooth peristome, large pseudopores and laminations in frontal shield. C. PM2−T1227, detail of a laterally broken specimen with well pronounced laminations in frontal shield and a smooth peristome. D. PM2−T1228, interior view showing broken, concealed ovicellular chambers, deeply immersed in distal autozooecia. E. PM2−T1229a, similar view to D and also showing the umbonuloid part of the frontal shield. F. PM2−T1160, detail of ovicell interior with entooecial perforations. A, C, D, E sample BAS 4; B, F sample BAS 7. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 1 in Late Tortonian bryozoans from Mut Basin, Central Anatolian Plateau, southern Turkey

Fig. 1. Late Tortonian bryozoans from the Başyayla section. A. Exidmonea sp. (PM2−T1124) with very extended frontal gonozooecium from sample BAS 2. B–E. Biflustra savartii auctt. B. PM2−T1127, frontal view of colony, sample BAS 8. C. PM2−T1126, abfrontal view showing three rows of autozooecia with characteristic angled appearance, sample BAS 8. D. PM2−T1125, lateral view of the three autozooecia showing regularly distributed lateral communication pores, sample BAS 4. E. PM2−T1129, detail of lateral communication pores showing multiporous septula, sample BAS 4. F–H. Margaretta sp. F. PM2−T1130, external view showing concealed ovicells (visible as bulges in frontal shield), sample BAS 8. G. PM2−T1131, internal view showing peristomial chamber, with an ascopore situated in the midline of the frontal shield, sample BAS 11. H. PM2−T1132, detail of the aperture of a colony showing linear structures in the peristomial wall, sample BAS 7. I. Margaretta cereoides (Ellis and Solander, 1786) (PM2−P1939) from section Hlohovec (Moravia) showing the smooth interior surface of the peristome. Scale bars A, B, F, 1 mm; C–E, G–I, 100 µm.

Fig. 6 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 6. Spionid polychaete symbionts in the Recent cheilostome bryozoan Celleporaria brunnea (Hincks, 1884), Point Loma, San Diego, California. A. Living associations showing two long palps emerging from a spionid tube (arrowed), shorter tentacles of the bryozoan and black opercula. B. Spionid palps extending above level of bryozoan lophophores. C. Scanning electron microscope of bleached colony (NHM 2010.11.30.1) showing numerous spionid worm bioclaustrations varying in shape and size but consistently larger than the bryozoan orifices and new buds. D. Scanning electron micrograph of dried, unbleached colony showing mud tube constructed by a spionid worm surrounded by calcareous tube formed by the bioclaustrating bryozoan (NHM 2010.11.30.1).

Fig. 3 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 3. Fistuliporid bryozoan Stellatoides muellertchensis gen. et sp. nov., Middle Devonian (Lower Givetian, Ahbach Formation) of the abandoned "Müllertchen Quarry" (Hillesheim Syncline, Eifel, Rhenish Massif, northwestern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany). A. Paratype SMF 21.115, goblet-shaped colony, side view. B. Paratype SMF 21.110, fragment of goblet-shaped colony showing maculae.

Fig. 2 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 2. Lowermost Lower Givetian stratigraphy of the "Type Eifelian Profile" sensu Struve (1982); light grey: biostratigraphic distribution of fistuliporid bryozoan Stellatoides muellertchensis gen. et sp. nov.; dark grey: maximum distribution.

Fig. 1 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 1. Map showing location of the abandoned Müllertchen Quarry within the Hillesheim Syncline. Geological overview of the Rhenish Massif (A), showing the studied area (taken from Bohatý et al. 2012; modified from Korn 2008 after Walter 1995) and detailed view of the Eifel Synclines (B) with the fossil locality 1 (modified after Struve 1996c).

Fig. 5 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 5. Cylindrical embedment trace (bioclaustration) Chaetosalpinx tapanilai ichnosp. nov., Middle Devonian (Lower Givetian) of the Rhenish Massif, north-western Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. A. Paratype SMF 21.115, colony surface of fistuliporid bryozoan Stellatoides muellertchensis gen. et sp. nov. showing tubes of C. tapanilai. B. Paratype SMF 21.122, tangential section of tubes of C. tapanilai. C. Holotype SMF 21.118, longitudinal section of a tube.

Fig. 4 in A new Middle Devonian cystoporate bryozoan from Germany containing a new symbiont bioclaustration

Fig. 4. Fistuliporid bryozoan Stellatoides muellertchensis gen. et sp. nov., Middle Devonian (Lower Givetian) of the Rhenish Massif, north-western Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. A. Holotype SMF 21.108, transverse section showing autozooecial chambers and vesicular skeleton (A), tangential sec1 tions showing autozooecial apertures with lunaria and vesicles (A 2 –A 5). B. Paratype SMF 21.113, longitudinal section showing multilayered secondary overgrowths.

Fig. 4 in Lower Permian bryozoans from southern and central Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 4. Lithological log and distribution of bryozoans through the Hyrnefjellet section. Legend as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 10 in Lower Permian bryozoans from southern and central Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 10. External views of selected bryozoan growth forms. A, C. Ascopora birkenmajeri sp. nov. A. Cross−sections of zoaria. Hyrnefjellet, sample ZPAL Br. 12/H7, PMO 170.903. C. Large zoarium. Holotype. Gipsvika, PMO 170.913. B. Ascopora sp. Zoarium surface. Hyrnefjellet, sample ZPAL Br. 12/H24, PMO 170.907. D. Rectifenestella nikiforovae (Shul'ga−Nesterenko, 1936). Gipsvika, PMO 170.915B. E–G. Ascopora sterlitamakensis Nikiforova, 1939. E. Oblique cut abnormal thick zoarium displaying regenerated growth (bottom). Hyrnefjellet, sample Br.12/G15, PMO 170.891. F. Oblique longitudinal section of regular thin zoarium displaying zooecial apertures (bottom). Hyrnefjellet, sample ZPAL Br. 12/H4, PMO 170.893. G. Longitudinal section near point of bifurcations displaying thick endozone (dark) and slightly silicified exozone (white). Gipsvika, PMO 170.911 (original for thin sections 170.911D and E). H. Coscinium cyclops Keyserling, 1846. Zoarium surface showing large fenestrules and numerous rows of apertures on branches. Gipsvika, PMO 170.919. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 9 in Lower Permian bryozoans from southern and central Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 9. Lower Permian bryozoans from Gipsvika, Svalbard. Toulapora svalbardense (Nakrem, 1994a). A. Tangential section. Rejmyrefjellet, Artinskian, PMO A42600/1 (holotype). B. Tangential section. Rejmyrefjellet, Artinskian, PMO A42600/1 (holotype). C. Tangential section. Rejmyrefjellet, Artinskian, PMO A42600/1 (holotype). D. Longitudinal section. Cylindrical colony with now decayed ephemeral encrustation substrate ("hollow tubes"). Rejmyrefjellet, Artinskian, PMO A42600/4 (paratype). E. Longitudinal section. Rejmyrefjellet, Artinskian, PMO A42600/2 (paratype). F. Transverse section of cylindrical colony. Gipsvika, Sakmarian, PMO 170.929. G. Tangential section. Gipsvika, Sakmarian, PMO 170.929. H. Tangential section. Gipsvika, Sakmarian, PMO 170.929. I. Longitudinal section. Gipsvika, Sakmarian, PMO 170.941. Scale bars 0.4 mm.

Fig. 7. Lower Permian bryozoans from Hyrnefjellet, Svalbard. A–F in Lower Permian bryozoans from southern and central Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 7. Lower Permian bryozoans from Hyrnefjellet, Svalbard. A–F. Ascopora birkenmajeri sp. nov. A. Transverse section showing completely regenerated growth (cylindrical self−encrustation). Sample H7, PMO 170.903A. B. Longitudinal section showing central canal with parallel zooecia. Regenerated growth. PMO 170.903H. C. Regenerated growth. Sample H7, PMO 170.903E. D. Sample H7, PMO 170.903C. Colony growth basis (D1) and colony growth basis displaying unusual thich endozonal walls (D2). E. Sample H7, PMO 170.903D. Regenerated growth. F. Tangential section showing zooecial apertures, large acanthostyles between apertures, and a row of small stylets bordering each aperture. Sample Br.12/G15, PMO 170.899. G, H. Timanodictya sp. G. Oblique tangential section. Sample H10, ZPAL thin section. H. Tangential section showing apertures, and scattered small (1) and large (2) tubercles on colony surface between apertures. Sample H10, ZPAL thin section. Scale bars 0.4 mm.

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Fig. 15 in Middle Jurassic cyclostome bryozoans from the Polish Jura

Fig. 15. Cerioporine cyclostome bryozoan Ceriocava sp. from the Middle Bathonian of Bugaj, Polish Jura. A. NHM Bz 5612(1). A1, centre of cone−like subcolonies; A2, autozooidal apertures; A3, elongated and curved gonozooid. B. NHM BZ 5613, centre of cone−like subcolonies. C. NHM BZ 5614. C1, centre of flabellotrypiform colony; C2, pseudopores. Scale bars 300 µm (B), 200 µm (A1, A3, C1), 100 µm (A2), 20 µm (C2). BSE SEM images of uncoated specimens.

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Fig. 13 in Middle Jurassic cyclostome bryozoans from the Polish Jura

Fig. 13. Plagioeciid cyclostome bryozoan Hyporosopora aff. sauvagei (Gregory, 1896) from the Middle Jurassic ore−bearing clays of the Polish Jura. A. Middle Bathonian, Bugaj, GIUS 8−3509−22. A1, colony view; A2, autozooids; A3, boomerang−like gonozooid, ooeciopore arrowed; A4, heart−shaped gonozooid, ooeciopore arrowed; A5, pseudopores. B. Middle Bathonian, Bugaj, NHM BZ 5612(2), subtriangular gonozooid, ooeciopore arrowed. Scale bars: 1 mm (A1), 100 µm (A2–A4, B), 20 µm (A5). BSE SEM images of uncoated specimens.