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Fig. 2 in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 2. Alternating dark purple mudstone and sandstone yielding Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. A. Vertical face. B. Surface of bed, showing the gutter cast; not circled trilobite. The length of both hammers is 28 cm.

Fig. 6 in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 6. Reconstructions of the dorsal exoskeleton and life cycle of Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. Meraspid degree 4. B. Late meraspid stage. C. Early holaspid stage. D. Late holaspid stage.

Fig. 4 in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 4. Ontogenetic series of a ptychoparioid trilobite Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. NIGPAS 172113, complete exoskeleton in meraspid degree 4. B–F. Complete meraspid stage cranidia. B–E. NIGPAS 172114a–d, respectively. F. NIGPAS 172116. G–Q. Holaspid cranidia. G. NIGPAS 172115. H–K. NIGPAS 172117–172120, respectively. L. NIGPAS 172123. M, N. NIGPAS 172121, 172122, respectively. O. NIGPAS 172124. P. NIGPAS 172106. Q. NIGPAS 172125. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B–D, I, J, 1 mm; E–H, K–Q, 2 mm.

Fig. 5. A in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 5. A ptychoparioid trilobite Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. NIGPAS 172126 (paratype), nearly complete exoskeleton. B. NIGPAS 172127 (paratype), incomplete exoskeleton. C. NIGPAS 172128 (paratype), nearly complete exoskeleton showing enrollment. D–G. Pygidium, NIGPAS 172129. 172130, 172115, 172131, respectively. H. NIGPAS 172132, moult assemblage consisting of a disarticulated cranidium, librigenae, and thoracic segments. I–M. Librigenae, NIGPAS 172133, 172134, 172135, 172136, 172104, respectively; M2, reconstruction of the librigena in M1. Scale bars A–C, 5 mm; D–M, 2 mm.

Fig. 1. A in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 1. A. Geographical location of studied area (star) in Shandong Province, North China. B. General geological setting of the middle Cambrian Longgang section. C. Upper part of the Honghe Member of the Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation in the Longgang section, viewed from the west. Arrow is pointed to the person for scale. D. Stratigraphic column for the Honghe and Upper Shale members and the major trilobite horizons in the Longgang section. Alternative spelling of Zhangxia is Changhia. Arrow indicates the bed yielding Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov.

Fig. 3. A in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 3. A ptychoparioid trilobite Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. NIGPAS 172104 (holotype), nearly complete exoskeleton. B. NIGPAS 172105 (paratype), nearly complete cranidium. C. NIGPAS 172106 (paratype), external mould of a nearly complete cranidium. D. NIGPAS 172107 (paratype), external mould of a nearly complete, holaspid-stage exoskeleton. E. NIGPAS 172108 (paratype), external mould of a nearly complete cephalon. F. NIGPAS 172109 (paratype), internal mould of specimen in E. G–I. NIGPAS 172111, 172110, 172112, cranidia. Scale bars 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Chuandianella ovata: An early Cambrian stem euarthropod with feather-like appendages

FIGURE 5. Reconstruction of Chuandianella ovata. Upper: dorsal view. Lower: ventral view. Right middle: isolated appendages a1-a3. Not to scale. Abbreviations as in Figures 1-3.

FIGURE 4 in Chuandianella ovata: An early Cambrian stem euarthropod with feather-like appendages

FIGURE 4. Photographs of Chuandianella ovata, showing morphological details. (A-E) YKLP 16217a (cf. Appendix 9). (A) Dorsal view. Scale bar equals 8.3 mm. (B) Setae on inner surface of 7th podomere of left a1. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. (C) Setae on inner surface of 5th podomere of right antenniform first appendage. Scale bar equals 1.6 mm. (D) Setae on inner surface of 5th podomere of left antenniform first appendage. Scale bar equals 1.3 mm. (E) Pits on carapace surface. Scale bar equals 1.0 mm. (F-G) YKLP 16238a, specimen depicted in Figure 1F. (F) dorsal view. Scale bar equals 8.4 mm. (G) Visual surface of the left eye. Scale bar equals 1.6 mm. (H,K) YKLP 16259, a laterally compressed specimen with anterior part of right valve missing, exposing the anterior appendages. Posterior part of trunk is also missing. (H) Overview. Scale bar equals 6.0 mm. (K) Detailed view of anterior part, showing position and morphology of a2. Scale bar equals 2.4 mm. (I-J) YKLP 16239, specimen depicted in Figure 1G-H. (I) Dorsal view with trunk reflexed so that it appears to emerge from anterior end of carapace. Scale bar equals 8.8 mm. (J) Pits on carapace surface. Scale bar equals 0.9 mm. Abbreviations additional to Figures 1, 2: app, appendage; vs, visual surface. Italics indicate a right-side appendage. Scale bar in (I) applies to all panels.

FIGURE 2 in Chuandianella ovata: An early Cambrian stem euarthropod with feather-like appendages

FIGURE 2. Micro-CT images of Chuandianella ovata. (A) YKLP 16238, left lateral view, showing endopods and exopods of trunk appendages. Scale bar equals 4.9 mm. (B,C) YKLP 16239. (B) Ventral view, showing circa 20 eggs within the left valve. Scale bar equals 4.3 mm. (C) Endopods of 3rd and 5th (?) appendages showing long blade-like endites each with a terminal seta. Proximally in this image two endopods overlap, giving the false impression of setae along the lateral margins of the endites. Scale bar equals 3.4 mm. All panels are stereo-pairs. Abbreviations additional to Figure 1: eg, egg; se, seta; tr, trunk. Italics indicate a right-side appendage.

FIGURE 8 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 8. Diagrammatic reconstructions of Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view. The scale bar is 5 mm. Abbreviations: as, medial axial spines; en, endopod; ex, exopod; hl, frontal head limb; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; tf, tail fan; t1, tergite 1; t9, tergite 9; t15, tergite 15. Morphological details of the tail fan were partially inferred from Kylinxia zhangi Zeng, Zhao, and Huang in Zeng et al., 2020.

FIGURE 1 in Chuandianella ovata: An early Cambrian stem euarthropod with feather-like appendages

FIGURE 1. Micro-CT images of Chuandianella ovata. (A,C-E,G) YKLP 16218. (A) Ventral view. Scale bar equals 5.0 mm. (C) Ventral view (white rectangle in A), showing details of second appendage (a2, green). Scale bar equals 2.0 mm. (D) Endopod of 6th appendage showing endites. Scale bar equals 1.6 mm. (E) Close-up view of 2nd appendages, with podomeres numbered. Scale bar equals 1.4 mm. (G) Ventral view of the anterior part of A, showing the arrangements of the anterior appendages. Scale bar equals 1.3 mm. (B,F) YKLP 16216. (B) Taphonomically deformed specimen, showing ventral view of the carapace and dorsal view of the soft parts (cf. Appendix 7). Scale bar equals 3.8 mm. (F) Dorsal view of part of right side of the body, showing exopods (blue) and endopods (green). Scale bar equals 1.4 mm. All panels except for E are stereo-pairs. Abbreviations: a1, antenniform first appendage; a2, second appendage; a3-a12, biramous appendages; ab1-4, abdominal segments 1 to 4; an, anus; asc, anterior sclerite; cs, caudal structure; en, endopod; es, eye stalk; et, endite; ex, exopod; ey, stalked eyes; lv, left valve; rv, right valve; tp, tailpiece. Italics indicate a right-side appendage.

FIGURE 7 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 7. Consensus trees from Bayesian (left) and parsimony (right) analyses of panarthropod relationships based on a matrix of 283 characters and 84 taxa with deutocerebral frontal-most appendages inferred. A, 50% majority-rule consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis; B, strict consensus of a single most parsimonious tree of 54.38597 steps (consistency index = 0.48; retention index = 0.86) from a parsimony analysis using implied character weighting (concavity constant k = 3). In the parsimony analysis Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. is retrieved as the sister taxon to the early branching deuteropod Kylinxia zhangi Zeng, Zhao, and Huang in Zeng et al., 2020. In the Bayesian analysis F. mamingae is resolved as a deuteropod that bridges between K. zhangi and all other deuteropods. Abbreviations: D, Deuteropoda; P, Panarthropoda; T, total-group Euarthropoda.

FIGURE 6 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 6. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431). A-B, tungsten photography and fluorescent photography lighting of putative pygidium and tail fan, respectively; C, interpretive line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 1 mm. Abbreviations: cw, compression wrinkles; en?, putative endopod podomeres; ex?, putative exopod(s); ps?, putative pygidial segment(s); pyg?, putative pygidium; tf, tail fan; tfm?, perceived margin of tail fan; t15, tergite 15.

FIGURE 5 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 5. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431). A, part (boxed regions are shown in E-J); B, counterpart (boxed regions are shown in C-D); C, tungsten photography lighting of head region in B; E, posterior body region from A; G, trunk tergites from A; I, head region from A; D, F, H, J, fluorescent photography lighting of the same. Arrowheads indicate medial axial spines. Scale bars are 5 mm (A-B, I-J); 2 mm (C-H). Abbreviations: asc?, putative anterior sclerite; cw, compression wrinkle(s); ed, endite(s); en?, putative endopod; es, eye stalk(s); hs, head shield; lae, left eye; p1-p6, podomeres 1 through 6; ps?, putative pygidial segment(s); pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; rm, rim of eye; sh, shaft of frontal head limb; tf, tail fan; t1, tergite 1; t7, tergite 7; t15, tergite 15.

FIGURE 4 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 4. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431b). A-B, lateral view (stereo pair) of the counterpart (stereo images have a tilt of 20˚ to emphasise topographic differences); C, composite line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 5 mm. Abbreviations: es, eye stalk(s); ex?, putative exopod(s); hl, frontal head limb; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; t8, tergite 8.

FIGURE 3 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 3. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A-C, tomographic models of the part. The specimen is orientated with the anterior facing left. All scale bars are 5 mm. The blue arrowheads point to the tergopleural terminus of the third trunk segment and, the red arrowheads indicate the paddle-shaped exopods of trunk limbs 1-3 — transverse sections through flattened lobate exopods that clearly extend beyond the tergopleural termini, and white arrowheads indicate exopod setae. Abbreviations: 1, trunk exopod 1; 2, trunk exopod 2; 3, trunk exopod 3.

FIGURE 1 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 1. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A-B, lateral view (stereo pair) of the part (stereo images have a tilt of 20˚ to emphasise topographic differences); C, composite line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 5 mm. Abbreviations: ist, indeterminate soft tissue; cw, compression wrinkle(s); en?, putative endopod podomere(s); es, eye stalk(s); ex?, putative exopod(s); gr, groove; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; ps?, putative pygidial segment; pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; tf, tail fan; tfm?, perceived margin of tail fan; t1-15, tergites 1 through 15.

FIGURE 8 in Continuous character variation within the Glossopleura-Anoria-Sonoraspis plexus: Dolichometopid trilobites from the Cadiz Formation (Cambrian: Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California

FIGURE 8. Matrix characters for phylogenetic analysis shown on an unspecified species of dolichometopid trilobite (Glossopleura sp.). First number is character number (see Appendix for descriptions and matrix); number in parentheses is character state demonstrated by illustrated form. (Drawing courtesy of Sam Gon III.)

FIGURE 3 in Continuous character variation within the Glossopleura-Anoria-Sonoraspis plexus: Dolichometopid trilobites from the Cadiz Formation (Cambrian: Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California

FIGURE 3. Relative eye position and length for dolichometopids in this study, by taxon and formation group (most traditional Glossopleura species blended). This version of the data shows the intermixing of Glossopleura and traditional Anoria and Sonorapis. Note that within taxa, eye position may vary greatly. Only eye length shows possible distinction between genera. Anoria tontoensis from the Bright Angel Formation (along with one specimen of A. bessus from the Gordon Shale) is smaller-eyed and separates from Glossopleura (including G. mckeei) but only at an arbitrary EL/GL of 0.380. A. lodensis, G. mohavensis, and S. californica all plot within Glossopleura.

FIGURE 2 in Continuous character variation within the Glossopleura-Anoria-Sonoraspis plexus: Dolichometopid trilobites from the Cadiz Formation (Cambrian: Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California

FIGURE 2. Relative eye position and length for dolichometopids measured in this study, showing low degree to which the studied specimens demonstrate large, posteriorly positioned eyes (toward upper right; historically features attributed to Glossopleura) or smaller, more anteriorly positioned eyes (toward lower left, normally attributed to Anoria and Sonoraspis). Data set equation shows a shallow slope and very weak correlation.