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245 results for “Cannibalization”
Fig. 2 in Interference Competition and Cannibalism by Dorcus rectus(Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) Larvae in the Laboratory and Field
Fig. 2. Relationship between larval density of Dorcus rectus in decaying willow trunks and the intensity of intraspecific interference in the field. Each circle represents an examined trunk. Trunks with one to four larvae were excluded from this figure because the results for one larva would have changed the percentage of wounded larvae greatly by 25–100%.
Cannibalism of newly-metamorphosed juvenile sea stars
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Cannibalism is widespread across the animal kingdom, occurring in more than 1300 species of invertebrates and vertebrates across terrestrial and aquatic habitats (Fox, 1975; Polis, 1981; Elgar and Crespi, 1992). Cannibalism, defined as the consumption of all or part of a conspecific individual, can occur during multiple stages in the life cycle of an organism (Elgar and Crespi, 1992). As such, cannibalism potentially affects animal behavior, life history strategies, population size and reproductive success (Cushing et al., 2015). Intra- and inter-specific competition, overcrowding, lack of food, or poor quality food are all stressors that induce cannibalistic behavior (Elgar et al., 1992). Cannibalistic individuals should even be selected for since those individuals would gain nutritional resources with high stoichiometric compatibility and face decreased intraspecific competition (MacArthur et al., 1966; Mitra & Flynn, 2005). Acquisition of high quality nutrients and reduced competition lead to increased growth efficiency and survivorship (Mitra & Flynn, 2005), so cannibals are more likely to survive high conspecific recruitment years and low prey recruitment years. As a result, cannibalistic individuals are more likely to successfully reproduce and spread cannibalistic tendencies throughout their population, a strategy that has recently been shown to be evolutionarily stable (Cushing et al., 2015). While cannibalism is therefore both predicted and observed to be widespread in nature, we have recently observed cannibalism in an unexpected setting: among newly metamorphosed juvenile sea stars (Figure 1; VideoS1). Cannibalism among juveniles has been reported in Arachnids, Insects, Amphibians and Reptiles (reviewed by Elgar and Crispi, 1992), but has only rarely been reported or described in marine invertebrates (but see Byrne, 1996). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Figures 1-3 in Nonsexual cannibalism by a female Hyllus semicupreus (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina)
Figures 1-3. Adult female Hyllus semicupreus feeding on another female of the same species.
Figures 4-6 in Nonsexual cannibalism by a female Hyllus semicupreus (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina)
Figures 4-6. Two adult female Hyllus semicupreus (4, 5-6) feeding on oxyopid spiders.
Toxin cues affect cannibalism responses of cane toad tadpoles
<p>In many species cannibalism is uncommon and involves non-selective consumption of conspecifics as well as heterospecifics. However, within their invasive Australian range cane toad larvae (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) specifically target and voraciously consume the eggs and hatchlings of conspecifics, often extirpating entire clutches. In contrast, toad larvae rarely consume the eggs and hatchlings of native frogs.</p> <p>Here, we use laboratory studies to demonstrate that this selective consumption is triggered by species-specific chemical cues: maternally-invested bufadienolide toxins that otherwise defend cane toad eggs and hatchlings against predators. We find that these cues stimulate feeding behaviors in toad tadpoles, such that the addition of bufadienolide toxins to the water column increases predation on eggs, not only of conspecifics, but also of native anuran species that are otherwise usually ignored. In contrast, we find that cannibalism rates on conspecific hatchlings are high and unaffected by the addition of bufadienolide cues. The maternally-invested toxins present in conspecific eggs may therefore be more easily detected post-hatching, at which point tadpole feeding behaviors are induced whether or not additional toxin cues are present.</p> <p>As bufadienolide cues have previously been found to attract toad tadpoles to vulnerable hatchlings, our present findings demonstrate that the same toxin cues that attract cannibalistic tadpoles also induce them to feed, thereby facilitating cannibalism through multiple behavioral effects.</p> <p>Because native fauna do not produce bufadienolide toxins, the species-specificity of these chemical cues in the Australian landscape may have facilitated the evolution of targeted (species-specific) cannibalism in invasive cane toad populations. Thus, producing bufadienalide toxins confers a cost (increased vulnerability to cannibalism in early life-stages) as well as a benefit (reduced vulnerability to predation by other taxa).</p>
A novel catapult mechanism for male spiders to avoid sexual cannibalism
<p>The animal world provides numerous examples of mechanisms that allow for extremely fast actions or reactions via slowly storing energy, typically into elastic structures, that is then nearly instantly released 1-4, similar to the operation of a catapult. While these mechanisms are usually employed for prey capture1, 2 or for predator avoidance3,4, such superfast actions have not been reported as a mechanism to dodge sexual cannibalism. Here, we unveil a novel mechanism in a communal orb-weaving spider Philoponella prominens (Uloboridae) (Figure S1), whereby males undertake a split-second catapult action immediately after mating, thereby fleeing their partner (Movie S1). We demonstrate that males achieve their superfast action (up to 88.2 cm/s) by extending the tibia–metatarsus joint of their first leg pair via hydraulic pressure in a joint that is known to lacks extensor muscles across spiders. This rapid expansion greatly reduces the likelihood of the male being sexually cannibalized.</p>
Predator cannibalism can shift prey community composition toward dominance by small prey species
<p><span>Cannibalism among predators is a key intraspecific interaction affecting their density and foraging behaviour, eventually modifying the strength of predation on heterospecific prey. Interestingly, previous studies showed that cannibalism among predators can increase or reduce predation on heterospecific prey; however we know less about the factors that lead to these outcomes. Using a simple pond community consisting of <em>Hynobius retardatus</em> salamander larvae and their associated prey, I report empirical evidence that cannibalism among predators can increase predation on large heterospecific prey but reduce that on small heterospecific prey. In a field-enclosure experiment in which I manipulated the occurrence of salamander cannibalism, I found that salamander cannibalism increased predation on frog tadpoles but reduced that on aquatic insects simultaneously. The contrasting effects are most likely to be explained by prey body size. In the study system, frog tadpoles were too large for non-cannibal salamanders to consume, while aquatic insects were within the non-cannibals' consumable prey size range. However, when cannibalism occurred, a few individuals that succeeded in cannibalising reached large enough size to consume frog tadpoles. Consequently, although cannibalism among salamanders reduced their density, salamander cannibalism increased predation on large prey frog tadpoles. Meanwhile, salamander cannibalism reduced predation on small prey aquatic insects probably because of a density reduction of non-cannibals primarily consuming aquatic insects. Body size is often correlated with various ecological traits, for instance, diet width, consumption and excretion rates, and is thus considered as a good indicator of species' effects on ecosystem function. All this considered, cannibalism among predators could eventually affect ecosystem function by shifting the size composition of the prey community. </span></p>
Data from: Cannibalism and activity rate in larval damselflies increase along a latitudinal gradient as a consequence of time constraints
Background: Predation is ubiquitous in nature. One form of predation is cannibalism, which is affected by many factors such as size structure and resource density. However, cannibalism may also be influenced by abiotic factors such as seasonal time constraints. Since time constraints are greater at high latitudes, cannibalism could be stronger at such latitudes, but we know next to nothing about latitudinal variation in cannibalism. In this study, we examined cannibalism and activity in larvae of the damselfly Lestes sponsa along a latitudinal gradient across Europe. We did this by raising larvae from the egg stage at different temperatures and photoperiods corresponding to different latitudes. Results: We found that the more seasonally time-constrained populations in northern latitudes and individuals subjected to greater seasonal time constraints exhibited a higher level of cannibalism. We also found that activity was higher at north latitude conditions, and thus correlated with cannibalism, suggesting that this behaviour mediates higher levels of cannibalism in time-constrained animals. Conclusions: Our results go counter to the classical latitude-predation pattern which predicts higher predation at lower latitudes, since we found that predation was stronger at higher latitudes. The differences in cannibalism might have implications for population dynamics along the latitudinal gradients, but further experiments are needed to explore this.
Data for: A novel function of banded stripes to prevent cannibalism in snake-eating snakes
<p>Colour pattern are widespread in the animal kingdom and have various functions that play key roles in many ecological interactions. We present a novel function for the evolution of banded stripes in preventing cannibalism in snakes that feed on other snakes—ophiophagy. We first examined the phylogenetic relationship between ophiophagy and banded stripes by categorising pattern types and known diet of 3,568 snake species. We then conducted a series of behavioural predation experiments with California kingsnake (<i>Lampropeltis californiae</i>) morphs, with and without band stripes, and a non- ophiophagous prey species, the corn snake (<i>Elaphe guttata</i>). We found 75% of ophiophagous snakes had banded stripe patterns. Body pattern type and ophiophagy was highly conserved across snake phylogeny, and the evolution of ophiophagy was co-dependent with banded stripe patterns. Our behavioural experiments revealed banded stripes on both inter- and intraspecific prey subjects reduced the probability of predation attempts, and that kingsnakes took longer to strike prey with banded stripes. Overall, the evolution of ophiophagy in snakes appears to be facilitated by the evolution of banded stripe patterns and may help reduce cannibalism in ophiophagous species.</p>
Data from: Size-mediated priority and temperature effects on intra-cohort competition and cannibalism in a damselfly
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Data from: Water mold infection but not paternity induces selective filial cannibalism in a goby
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Condition-dependent female aggression and its effects on mating success and sexual cannibalism in jumping spiders
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Data from: Cannibalism as an interacting phenotype: pre-cannibalistic aggression is influenced by social partners in the endangered Socorro isopod (Thermosphaeroma thermophilum)
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Predator cannibalism can shift prey community composition toward dominance by small prey species
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Cannibalism of newly-metamorphosed juvenile sea stars
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A novel catapult mechanism for male spiders to avoid sexual cannibalism
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Data from: Sexual and nonsexual cannibalism have different effects on offspring performance in redback spiders
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Data from: Choosy cannibals preferentially consume siblings with relatively low fitness prospects
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Toxin cues affect cannibalism responses of cane toad tadpoles
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Data from: The shield effect: nuptial gifts protect males against precopulatory sexual cannibalism
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