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2,322 results for “Circulation”
Auditory region circulation in Lagomorpha: the internal carotid artery pattern revisited
<p>The internal carotid artery (ICA) is one of the major vessels in the cranial circulation. Characters concerning the ICA, such as its course in the auditory region, have been employed frequently in phylogenetic analyses of mammals, including extinct taxa. In lagomorphs, however, our knowledge on vascular features of the auditory region has been based predominantly on living species, mostly on the European rabbit. We present the first survey on 11 out of 12 extant genera and key fossil taxa such as stem lagomorphs and early crown representatives (<em>Archaeolagus</em> and <em>Prolagus</em>). The ICA pattern shows a modified transpromontorial course in stem taxa (<em>Litolagus</em>, <em>Megalagus</em> and <em>Palaeolagus</em>) and <em>Archaeolagus</em>, which we propose as the ancestral character state for Lagomorpha, similar to that for the earliest rodents, plesiadapids and scandentians. The ICA pattern in leporids is perbullar but shows structural similarities to stem taxa, whereas the extrabullar ICA course in Ochotona is apparently a highly derived condition. <em>Prolagus</em> shows a mixed character state between leporids and Ochotona in its ICA route. The persistence of the transpromontorial ICA course and similarities in the carotid canal structure among stem taxa and crown leporids support morphological conservatism in Lagomorpha, in contrast to their sister clade Rodentia.</p>
Data and Supplementary Plots for A Shallow Water Model Exploration of Atmospheric Circulation on Sub-Neptunes
<p>This repository contains geopotential maps, zonal wind plots, gifs, and data for the ensemble of possible sub-Neptunes presented in the main manuscript. The data, individual plots, and plot grids are based on the averages of the last 100 simulated days. The data are in the pickle format (see https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html)<br> The gifs are based on the last 1000 simulated hours. These figures and gifs support the analysis presented in the main manuscript.</p>
Ocean Gateways and Ocean Circulation Dynamics: Unveiling the Deep Water-Mass properties in the Western Equatorial Pacific and Eastern Indian Ocean since the middle
<p>File contains a dataset related to census counts and stable isotopes that we used to write our manuscript.</p>
Fig. 2 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Fig. 2. Mouvements de l'extre̕mite̕d'une patte de première paire; X 120. Temps en cinquièmes de seconde. s, systole; d, diastole.
Figure 2 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 2. Movement of the extremity of a leg I, X 120. Time in fifths of a second. s, systole; d, diastole.
Figure 1 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 1. Sagittal view of Pholcus J, X 15. I, II, III, pylocardium of the heart; ap, posterior artery; Sp, lung sinus. - The arrows indicate the direction and the size (on a scale 25 times larger than that of the drawing itself!) of the displacements of some points of the middle region of the body. The three thin lines shown for the posterior half of the abdomen correspond to the vertical swing of the abdomen; the thick lines correspond to local deformations.
Figure 13 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 13. Schematic structure of a lung. It is depicted in a (longitudinal) vertical section, but the spiracle is shown as if on a rather horizontal section: the lamellae, whose number has been greatly reduced, have been considerably thickened in order to visibly indicate their elements: the cuticular layers, the chitinogenic cells, the dorsal face projections, the (simplified) cuticular productions of the free edge, the cellular columns going from one face to the other, and the sinuses. s, spiracle; m, dilator muscle of the vestibule; v, cuticular wall of the vestibule; Vp, pulmonary vein; Lv, ventral sinus, shown in the background. [There is no reference to this figure in the text]
Fig. 1 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Fig. 1. Vue sagittale de Pholcus J, X 15. I, II, III, pylocardes du cour; ap, artère poste̕rieure; Sp, lacune pulmonaire. - Les flèches indiquent la direction et la grandeur (aùne e̕chelle 25 fois plus grande que celle du dessin lui-même!) des de̕placements de quelques points de la re̕gion me̕diane du corps. Les trois traits fins indique̕s pour la moitie̕poste̕rieure de l'abdomen correspondent au balancement vertical de l'abdomen; les traits gros correspondent aux de̕formations locales.
Figure 12 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 12. Nearly transverse section of Pholcus, viewed from the front; the upper part of the figure, including the heart (H) and the pulmonary veins, corresponds to a slightly more posterior region than the lower portion of the figure, where the large ventral sinus (L) is represented; the left half of the figure (right side of the animal) corresponds to a slightly more posterior plane than the other half: in the first half, the upper border of the pulmonary vestibule is visible; and the section of the heart passes through the ostial valve, while in the other half, the section passes in front of the ostium. Under the heart, slightly behind the plane of the section, are the origins of the hypocardial ligaments. In P, the pulmonary lamellae: the lines correspond to the interlamellar air spaces. M, longitudinal muscles, of which the most dorsal is the muscle M' of the following figures and Figure 11, and M of Figure 10. [The colored arrows have been added to the original figure to highlight the direct of flow from the ventral sinus through the book lung and pulmonary vein (V) to the heart (H) on either side]
Figures 9-11. 9 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figures 9-11. 9, Nearly horizontal section of Pholcus, at the level of the top of the left lung (X 75). c, anterior part of the heart; d, a cul-de-sac of the digestive gland; v, pulmonary vein; p, tips of the most dorsal pulmonary lamellae; m, muscle; s, portions of the opisthosomal conjunctive sac. 10, Section parallel to the previous one, at the level of the upper part of the pulmonary vestibule. Letters as in the previous figure: v, upper border of the pulmonary vestibule; lv, ventral sinus; M, muscle inserting on the posterior end of the tergal piece of the pedicel; k, bands of the conjunctive sac. 11, Section parallel to the previous ones, towards the middle of the spiracle. t, tergal piece of the pedicel; m, M', various longitudinal muscles inserting posteriorly on the walls of the anterior region of the opisthosoma, and anteriorly on the pedicel; s, spiracle; p, pulmonary lamellae, encountered almost parallel to their surface: they are more or less triangular laminae, stretched between the ventral sinus (to the walls of which they emit fine conjunctive fibers) and the efferent pulmonary sinus (le); posteriorly, they end with a free edge in the pulmonary vestibule.
Figures 7-8. 7 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figures 7-8. 7, Pholcus. Transverse section of the pedicel (X 75). a, anterior artery; t, tergal piece, saddle-shaped, covering the artery (this piece is simple, as in Araneus, despite a false appearance due to the presence of two dark brown colored areas); l, blood sinuses located between the general blood cavity of the cephalothorax and the ventral abdominal sinus. 8, Pholcus. Sagittal view of the left pulmonary region (X 40). C, prosoma, limited by a vertical section; m, muscular insertion; g, male genital opening; M, insertion of the lateral muscle; P, pericardial cavity; the corresponding funnel of the left hypocardial ligament is noticeable; V, left pulmonary vein, and more ventrally, the lung, seen through the integuments. The bands of the opisthosomal conjunctive sac and the spiracle muscle are represented. 1, 2, 3, levels of sections from Figures 9, 10, and 11. [There is no reference to these figures in the text]
Figure 6 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 6. Transverse sections of the cardiac region in Pholcus, at different levels (X 75). A, At the level of the origin of the posterior lateral arteries. a3, posterior lateral artery; c, commissural ligament. B, Behind pylocardia III. v3, 3rd left lateral sinus; c, lower part of the conjunctive lamella, immersed in this sinus. C, In the middle of the space between pylocardia III and II. D, Slightly in front of pylocardia II. v, anterior valvular lamella of the pylocardium; a1, first lateral artery; e, epicardial ligaments; lc-p, conjunctive lamella representing the peripyles and commissural ligaments (various portions of this lamella, with an oblique direction, are borrowed from several successive sections). E, At a midpoint between pylocardia II and I.
Figure 5 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 5. Heart of Pholcus, viewed dorsally (X 50). I, II, III, ostia with their peripyles; aa, anterior aorta; ap, posterior artery; the origins of the 3 pairs of lateral arteries are assumed to be seen in transparency; a, 3rd pair; V1, pulmonary vein, indicated on a horizontal section passing at the level of the anterior pylocardia; V2, V3, two lateral veins and peripyles; c, posterior commissural ligament.
Figure 4. Pholcus J in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 4. Pholcus J, sagittal view (X 15). k, right chelicera; n, sub-esophageal nerve ganglion; I, II, III, ostia; ap, posterior artery; 2, 3, lateral conjunctive lamellae; 3, posterior lateral artery; a, anus; g, genital opening, and above it, hypocardial ligament; Sp, pulmonary sinus. [I have represented on Fig. 4, with arrows, the direction and relative size (at a scale 25 times larger than the drawing itself!) of the movements of some points in the middle region of the body. The three fine lines indicated for the posterior half of the abdomen correspond to the complex vertical oscillation of the abdomen; the bold lines correspond to local elementary deformations.].
Figure 3 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 3. Schematic transverse section of the heart of Araneus at the level of the 2nd pair of ostia; v, a muscular lip of the ostium uniting with the corresponding lip on the opposite side to form an incomplete transverse veil; e, epicardial ligaments; p, peripyle; P, dorsal insertion of the anterior abdominal pillar; c, commissural ligament, presumed to be brought into the transverse plane; a, lateral artery; h, hypocardial ligament.
Figure 1 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 1. Araneus diadematus. Sagittal view showing the heart, pericardium, and main branches of the anterior aorta. G, female genital opening; p, base of the posterior leg; N, nerve mass; k, right chelicera; o, eyes; g, venom gland; 1-11, epicardial ligaments; c, commissural ligaments; h, hypogastric ligament; a, three lateral arteries; ap, posterior artery.
Figure 2 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 2. Larinioides sclopetarius. Sagittal section of the pedicel region (X 50). I, Anterior ostium, with its valve and peripyles; 1, anterior epicardial ligament; F, lobe of the digestive gland; p, pericardial cavity; t, tergal chitinous saddle covering the artery (dotted line represents the projection of the right half); a, arterial branches on the surface of a muscle; A, anterior artery, at the point of its bifurcation; P, posterior part of the sucking pharynx cavity; N, subesophageal nerve mass; c, diverticulum of the digestive tube; D, digestive tube; G, female genitalia. [There is no reference to this figure in the text]
Figure 1 in Studies on spider respiration and circulation by Victor Willem
Figure 1. The book lungs of Pholcus phalangioides (1) and Lyssomanes viridis (2-4) can be observed through the transparent cuticle of the operculum (arrows). However, observation of the movement of the air sacs within these lungs requires an aligned view parallel to the plane of these sacs at a relatively high (~144 X) magnification (Hill 1977). 3-4, The rapidly pulsating (or oscillating) flow of hemolymph through the pulmonary veins (P), heart (H), and anterior aorta (A) is easy to observe. Other abbreviations: L, book lung; dg, digestive gland, visible through the transparent cuticle.
Data and Code Supplement for "A Mountain-Induced Moist Baroclinic Wave Test Case for the Dynamical Cores of Atmospheric General Circulation Models"
<p>Code and Data Supplement for "A Mountain-Induced Moist Baroclinic Wave Test Case for the Dynamical Cores of Atmospheric General Circulation Models"<br> ===========================================================</p> <p>This directory contains the data and scripts used to create the plots from our publication as well as the source<br> code modifications necessary to run this test case within the CESM and MPAS models.</p> <p>Generating Plots<br> ---------------</p> <p>The `netcdf` directory contains the nominal half-degree runs necessary to generate nearly all of the plots from the paper. The one plot which is not reproducible from these data is the volume-integrated Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Spectral Element model. Storing high-resolution 4D wind fields requires a prohibitive amount of space. These data can be provided by the corresponding author, O.K. Hughes (owhughes@umich.edu). However, because this is several hundred GB of data I would strongly recommend generating these high-resolution runs yourself on your local system if you need them. Using 288 Intel Skylake cores (that is, 8 nodes each with two 18C processors) ran on the order of an hour.</p> <p><em>In order to generate the plots from the paper, you need only install NCL and then run</em> run.bash. Instructions for installing NCL<br> can be found in the `run.bash` script.</p> <p>Source Code Modifications<br> ----------------</p> <p><strong>CESM</strong><br> The `src` subdirectory contains the files `user_nl_cam` and `ic_baroclinic.F90`. Create a case using `--compset=FKESSLER` and `--run-unsupported` options when running `create_newcase`. If your case is located at `${CASE_DIR}`, then from within the directory containing this README, run `cp user_nl_cam ${CASE_DIR}/user_nl_cam`, and then run `cp ic_baroclinic.F90 ${CASE_DIR}/SourceMods/src.cam/`. Then build and run the model using the usual workflow.</p> <p><strong>MPAS</strong></p> <p>The MPAS code was run using a branch of the MPAS model provided by the model developers to the authors. While the source code modifications are provided in the `src` directory, I would strongly recommend contacting the corresponding author if you wish to run this test case in the MPAS codebase.</p>
NEEM seasonal dO18 data for "Climate information preserved in seasonal water isotope at NEEM: relationships with temperature, circulation and sea ice"
<p>NEEM seasonal dO18 data over the period 1855-2004.</p> <p><strong>Please cite the following reference when using the data:</strong></p> <p>Zheng, M., Sjolte, J., Adolphi, F., Vinther, B. M., Steen-Larsen, H. C., Popp, T. J., and Muscheler, R.: Climate information preserved in seasonal water isotope at NEEM: relationships with temperature, circulation and sea ice, Climate of the Past, 14, 1067-1078, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1067-2018">https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1067-2018</a>, 2018.</p> <p> </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.