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Fig. 5 in A New Record of Brittle Star Ophiopsila cf. polyacantha (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Southwestern Japan, with Notes on its Bioluminescence

Fig. 5. Ophiopsila cf. polyacantha (NSMT E-13189), SEM photographs of vertebrae from proximal (A–E) and middle (F, G) portions of arms. A, F, distal views; B, G, proximal views; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view; E, lateral view. Arrowheads indicate orientation: do, dorsal side; dis, distal side; pro, proximal side; v, ventral side. Abbreviations: DF, dorsal muscle flange; DT, depression for tentacle; LaS, lateral saddle; LoF, longitudinal furrow; TrF, transverse furrow; VF, ventral muscle flange. Scale bars=100 µm.

Fig. 4 in A New Record of Brittle Star Ophiopsila cf. polyacantha (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Southwestern Japan, with Notes on its Bioluminescence

Fig. 4. Ophiopsila cf. polyacantha (NSMT E-13189): A–C, dorsal views of arms, proximal (A), middle (B) and distal (C) portions; D–F, lateral views of arms, proximal (D), middle (E) and distal (F) portions. Arrows indicate orientations: do, dorsal side; v, ventral side. Arrowheads indicate arm spines. Abbreviations: DAP, dorsal arm plate; T, tentacle; TS, tentacle scale. Scale bars=1 mm.

Fig. 3 in A New Record of Brittle Star Ophiopsila cf. polyacantha (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Southwestern Japan, with Notes on its Bioluminescence

Fig. 3. Ophiopsila cf. polyacantha (NSMT E-13189): A, dorsal disc; B, dorsal central part of disc; C, dorsal peripheral part of disc, arrowheads indicate internal edges of radial shields; D, jaws; E, lateral interradial part of disc; F–H, oral views of arms, proximal (F), middle (G) and distal (H) portions. Abbreviations: AdS, adradial shield; AS, arm spine; ASS, adoral shield spine; GS, genital slit; IP, infradental papilla; OS, oral shield; ORS, oral ridge spine; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scale bars=1 mm.

Fig. 7 in A New Record of Brittle Star Ophiopsila cf. polyacantha (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Southwestern Japan, with Notes on its Bioluminescence

Fig. 7. Ophiopsila cf. polyacantha (NSMT E-13189), SEM photographs of arm ossicles from distal portion (A, H–J), proximal portion (B–D, K, L) and middle portion (E–G): A, vertebra, lateral view; B–J, lateral arm plates, external views (B, E, H), internal views, arrowheads indicate perforations (C, F, I) and distal views (D, G, J); K, L, arm spines, ventral most (K) and middle (L) one. Arrowheads indicate orientations: ba, basal side; dis, distal side; do, dorsal side, ex, external side; v, ventral side; pro, proximal side. Abbreviations: DL, dorsal lobe; DT, depression for tentacle; K, knob; MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; R, ridge; TN, tentacle notch; VL, ventral lobe. Scale bars=100 µm.

Fig. 4 in Elpidia soyoae, a New Species of Deep-sea Holothurian (Echinodermata) from the Japan Trench Area

Fig. 4. SEM images of ossicles from dorsal body wall of Elpidia soyoae sp. nov. (NSMT E-12635: paratype). A, rods with straight axis, well developed horizontal arms, and vertical apophyses; B, wheel from convex side and obliquely lateral side. Abbreviations: ax, axis; bt, brim teeth; ccp, central connecting portion; cr, central rays; ha, horizontal arms; sp, spokes; va, vertical apophyses.

Fig. 3 in Elpidia soyoae, a New Species of Deep-sea Holothurian (Echinodermata) from the Japan Trench Area

Fig. 3. Calcareous ring of Elpidia soyoae sp. nov. (holotype). A, entire ring in dorsal view; B, variation of isolated pieces; C, branched inside posterior arm. Black arrowheads show five pieces surrounding pharynx. Abbreviations: ba, branched arm of inside posterior arms; iaa, inside anterior arms; ipa, inside posterior arms; oaa, outside anterior arms; opa, outside posterior arms.

Fig. 2 in Elpidia soyoae, a New Species of Deep-sea Holothurian (Echinodermata) from the Japan Trench Area

Fig. 2. Papillae arrangements of Elpidia soyoae sp. nov. A, left side view; B, right side view; C–F, dorsal side. A–B, holotype; C, NSMT E-12635: paratype; D, NSMT E-12636: paratype; E, NSMT E-12637: paratype; F, NSMT E-12639: paratype. Abbreviations: lp, paired papillae on dorsal left radius; lu, unpaired papillae on dorsal left radius; rp, paired papillae on dorsal right radius; ru, unpaired papillae on dorsal right radius.

Fig. 1 in Elpidia soyoae, a New Species of Deep-sea Holothurian (Echinodermata) from the Japan Trench Area

Fig. 1. Fresh specimen of Elpidia soyoae sp. nov. (NSMT E-12635: paratype). A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees obtained from a concatenated dataset with a in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees obtained from a concatenated dataset with a total length of 1,277 bp, consisting of seven mitochondrial genes (16S, tRNA-Ala, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Asn, tRNA-Gln, tRNA-Pro, and COI). The trees were built based on maximum likelihood (ML, left) and Bayesian inference (BI, right). Values at nodes indicate bootstrap scores from ML and posterior probabilities from BI. Outgroups are only shown in the ML tree with both the support values. Scale bars indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. OTUs sequenced in this study are in bold face. Each letter in parentheses after non-bold OTUs denotes the source: C, Chichvarkhin (2017b); F, Foltz and Rocha- Olivares (unpublished); K, Knott et al. (2018); L, Lopes et al. (2016); M, Matsubara et al. (2004); W, Wada et al. (1996). Circles indicate species listed as Setihenricia in Chichvarkhin and Chichvarkhina (2017). Triangles indicate species morphologically identified as Setihenricia in this study (see Fig. 4A).

Fig. 2 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 2. Measurements (morphometrics) of four kinds of ossicles of Henricia nipponica (Oshoro): A, dorsal spine (DS); B, adambulacral spine (AdS); C, adambulacral plate (AdP), proximal view; D, ambulacral plate (AmP), proximal view.

Fig. 5 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 5. Side views of the arms of Henricia nipponica (Oshoro) (A, B) and Henricia tumida (C, D). A, C, Lower magnification; B, D, higher magnification of the rectangle on A and C, respectively. The number of the rows of spines on the inferomarginal plate can be interpreted as either two (solid line), two or three (dashed line), or three (dotted line). Scale bars indicate 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 1. Sampling locations of Henricia (circle) and Echinaster (square) specimens around Japan. (1) Off Abashiri, Hokkaido; H. sp. 2 (Abashiri 1), H. sp. 3 (Abashiri 2); (2) Oshoro, Hokkaido; H. nipponica (Oshoro), H. ohshimai (Oshoro); (3) Off Iwanai, Hokkaido; H. reniossa; (4) Akkeshi, Hokkaido; H. reticulata, H. tumida, H. sp. 1 (Akkeshi); (5) Muroran, Hokkaido; H. nipponica (Muroran); (6) Off Iwate; H. hayashii; (7) Off Miyagi; H. kinkasana; (8) Off Fukushima; H. sp. 4 (Fukushima); (9) Misaki, Kanagawa; H. ohshimai (Misaki); (10) Iki Island, Nagasaki; H. regularis; (11) Okinoerabu Island, Kagoshima; H. sp. 8 (Okinoerabu); (12) Iheya Island, Okinawa; E. sepositus; (13) Okinawa Island, Okinawa; H. sp. 5 (Okinawa); (14) Nagannu Island, Okinawa; H. sp. 7 (Nagannu); (15) Aka Island, Okinawa; E. callosus; (16) Miyako Island, Okinawa; H. sp. 6 (Miyako); (17) Iriomote Island, Okinawa; E. luzonicus.

Fig. 4 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 4. Morphological characters which might be useful to distinguish Setihenricia species from non-Setihenricia species. A, number of rows of spines on each inferomarginal plate; B, SEM images of AdP; C, AdPwidth; D, SEM images of AmP; E, photographs of entire body; F, ratios of AmPwidth/AmPneck/r. See Table 4for abbreviations. Circles on boxplots (A, C, and F) indicate outliers. Specimens that show three (indicated by a vertical dashed line on A) or more rows of the spines can be identified as Setihenricia (Chichvarkhin and Chichvarkhina 2017). Enlarged images of B, D, and E are available in the figshare repository (Wakita et al. 2019).

Fig. 6 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 6. Morphological characters representing the degree of tapering of spines. A, SEM images of DS; B, ratios of DSbase/DStip; C, SEM images of AdS; D, ratios of AdSbase/AdStip. See Table 4for abbreviations. Circles on boxplots (B and D) indicate outliers. On B and D, a value above one (indicated by a vertical dashed line) can be interpreted that the spine is tapered. Enlarged images of A and C are available in the figshare repository (Wakita et al. 2019).

Fig. 42 in New species, redescriptions and new records of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the South China Sea, an integrated morphological and molecular approach

Fig. 42. Ophiactis cf. brachygenys H.L. Clark, 1911 (IDSSE EEB-SW0016 = hexamerous specimen). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Radial shields. D. Lateral disc. E. Disc spine. F. Oral frame. G. Dorsal arm. H. Ventral arm. Abbreviations: as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; ds = disc spine; gs = genital slit; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; tp = tentacle pore; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate. Scale bars: A–B = 500 µm; C–H = 200 µm.

Fig. 39 in New species, redescriptions and new records of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the South China Sea, an integrated morphological and molecular approach

Fig. 39. Ophiactis profundi Lütken & Mortensen, 1889, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0017). A. Dorsal arm plate. B–C. Lateral arm plate (external, internal). D–G. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Ventral view. G. Dorsal view. Abbreviations: D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe. Scale bars = 300 µm.

Fig. 37 in New species, redescriptions and new records of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the South China Sea, an integrated morphological and molecular approach

Fig. 37. Ophiactis cf. perplexa Koehler, 1897, SEM (IDSSE EEB-SW0013). A–C. Lateral arm plate. D–H. Vertebrae. D. Proximal view. E. Distal view. F. Ventral view. G. Dorsal view. H. Lateral view. Abbreviations: asa = arm spine articulation; D = dorsal; Dist = distal; dl = dorsal lobe; mo = muscle opening; no = nerve opening; Prox = proximal; V = ventral; vl = ventral lobe. Scale bars: A, G = 200 µm; B–F, H = 300 µm.

Fig. 38 in New species, redescriptions and new records of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the South China Sea, an integrated morphological and molecular approach

Fig. 38. Ophiactis profundi Lütken & Mortensen, 1889 (IDSSE EEB-SW0017). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Radial shields. D. Oral frame. E. Dorsal arm. F. Ventral arm. G. Lateral arm. Abbreviations: ars = arm spine; as = adoral shield; dap = dorsal arm plate; gs = genital slit; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; tp = tentacle pore; ts = tentacle scale; vap = ventral arm plate. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C, G = 500 µm; D–F = 200 µm.

Fig. 45. Family Ophiomusaidae O in New species, redescriptions and new records of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the South China Sea, an integrated morphological and molecular approach

Fig. 45. Family Ophiomusaidae O'Hara et al., 2018, Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on partial COI sequences (bootstrap support values were generated with rapid bootstrapping algorithm for 1000 replicates). Abbreviations: NZ = New Zealand; SC = Sub-Clade; SCS = South China Sea.

Fig. 46. Family Ophiotomidae Paterson, 1985 in New species, redescriptions and new records of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the South China Sea, an integrated morphological and molecular approach

Fig. 46. Family Ophiotomidae Paterson, 1985, Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on partial COI sequences (bootstrap support values were generated with rapid bootstrapping algorithm for 1000 replicates). Abbreviations: IC = Inter Clade; SC = Sub-Clade; SCS = South China Sea.