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580 results for “Effort”
Data from: Sperm whales reduce foraging effort during exposure to 1-2 kHz sonar and killer whale sounds
The time and energetic costs of behavioral responses to incidental and experimental sonar exposures, as well as control stimuli, were quantified using hidden state analysis of time series of acoustic and movement data recorded by tags (DTAG) attached to 12 sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) using suction cups. Behavioral state transition modeling showed that tagged whales switched to a non-foraging, non-resting state during both experimental transmissions of low-frequency active sonar from an approaching vessel (LFAS; 1–2 kHz, source level 214 dB re 1 μPa m, four tag records) and playbacks of potential predator (killer whale, Orcinus orca) sounds broadcast at naturally occurring sound levels as a positive control from a drifting boat (five tag records). Time spent in foraging states and the probability of prey capture attempts were reduced during these two types of exposures with little change in overall locomotion activity, suggesting an effect on energy intake with no immediate compensation. Whales switched to the active non-foraging state over received sound pressure levels of 131–165 dB re 1 μPa during LFAS exposure. In contrast, no changes in foraging behavior were detected in response to experimental negative controls (no-sonar ship approach or noise control playback) or to experimental medium-frequency active sonar exposures (MFAS; 6–7 kHz, source level 199 re 1 μPa m, received sound pressure level [SPL] = 73–158 dB re 1 μPa). Similarly, there was no reduction in foraging effort for three whales exposed to incidental, unidentified 4.7–5.1 kHz sonar signals received at lower levels (SPL = 89–133 dB re 1 μPa). These results demonstrate that similar to predation risk, exposure to sonar can affect functional behaviors, and indicate that increased perception of risk with higher source level or lower frequency may modulate how sperm whales respond to anthropogenic sound.
Data from: Reproductive effort and success of males in scramble competition polygyny: evidence for trade-offs between foraging and mate-search
1. Patterns of male reproductive allocation provide insight into life-history characteristics. The trade-offs associated with resource and female group defense are well-defined. However, less is understood about trade-offs in species that practice scramble-competition polygyny, where successful strategies may favor competitive mate-searching rather than contest competition and fighting. 2. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) practice scramble-competition polygyny where solitary males search for and assess receptivity of females scattered across the landscape. Physically mature males are expected to do most of the breeding because of the high energetic costs of reproduction and high social status. However, young males may collectively sire one-third of offspring. To gain a better understanding of trade-offs associated with scramble-competition polygyny, we quantified metrics associated with reproductive effort and success. 3. We quantified changes in body mass of harvested males, energetic costs of locomotion based on movements of GPS radio-collared males, and timing of reproduction via temporal genetic parentage assignments. 4. Young males (1.5 and 2.5 years old) sired offspring, but their mating success was mainly limited to peak rut, when most females were in estrus. Furthermore, multiple paternity was common, indicating opportunistic reproduction. Reproductive effort, indexed by body mass loss, was highest in prime-age males (5.5-6.5 years old). Surprisingly, young and post-prime males also exhibited significant body mass loss, indicative of investment in reproductive effort. Movement rates increased 2 to 4-fold during rut as a function of mate-search activities, but cost of locomotion would cause only about one-third of observed body mass loss. Because males are capital breeders, we infer most of body mass loss is due to reduced foraging. 5. In scramble-competition polygyny, the repeated location of potential mates and assessment of their estrous status appear to be important constituents of male mating strategies. Therefore mating success may be influenced by time management and spatial memory, and not based solely on social dominance. Thus, reproductive effort should be greater for individuals capable of reducing time foraging. For those that cannot, opportunistic mating opportunities may arise when operative adult sex ratios are low. Our analyses reveal valuable insight into the trade-offs associated with scramble-competition polygyny.
Using cumulative impact mapping to prioritise marine conservation efforts in Equatorial Guinea
<p>Marine biodiversity is under extreme pressure from anthropogenic activity globally, leading to calls to protect at least 10% of the world's oceans within marine protected areas (MPAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures by 2020. Fulfilling such commitments, however, requires a detailed understanding of the distribution of potentially detrimental human activities, and their predicted impacts. One such approach that is being increasingly used to strengthen our understanding of human impacts is cumulative impact mapping; as it can help identify economic sectors with the greatest potential impact on species and ecosystems in order to prioritise conservation management strategies, providing clear direction for intervention. In this paper, we present the first local cumulative utilisation impact mapping exercise for the Bioko-Corisco-Continental area of Equatorial Guinea's Exclusive Economic Zone – situated in the Gulf of Guinea one of the most important and least studied marine regions in the Eastern Central Atlantic. This study examines the potential impact of ten direct anthropogenic activities on a suite of key marine megafauna species and reveals that the most suitable habitats for these species, located on the continental shelf, are subject to the highest threat scores. However, in some coastal areas, the persistence of highly suitable habitat subject to lower threat scores suggests that there are still several strategic areas that are less impacted by human activity that may be suitable sites for protected area expansion. Highlighting both the areas with potentially the highest impact, and those with lower impact levels, as well as particularly damaging activities can inform the direction of future conservation initiatives in the region.</p>
Data from: Spatial dynamics of habitat use informs reintroduction efforts in the presence of an invasive predator
1. Islands experience major impacts from introduced species, especially nocturnal predators. The Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) extirpated almost the entire native avifauna on Guam shortly after introduction. Reintroductions from neighboring islands can restore bird communities but will take place in heavily managed units where snake populations can be controlled. Yet reintroductions often proceed without relevant biological information such as nocturnal habitat and space use when nocturnal predators are present. To guide efforts, we studied diurnal and nocturnal habitat and space use by the avian frugivore community on the nearby island of Saipan where the snake is absent. 2. Using radio telemetry and a Bayesian framework, we first compared data typically accessible to resource managers (diurnal home range [DHR] and habitat selection) and which often forms the basis of reintroduction plans. We contrast this with data on nocturnal habitat use that is often not available but relevant when nocturnal predation threat is high. 3. DHR size varied within and among species with Micronesian Starlings (Aplonis opaca) having DHRs at least 45 ha larger than other species. For all species, night roost locations were generally spatially clustered within a DHR and covered a smaller spatial extent. Two species had higher probabilities of roosting outside DHR boundaries but, when outside, roosts were often within 200 m of the DHR boundary. All species selected forested habitats during day and night, with some species choosing native forest over non-native habitat. 4. Synthesis and applications If individuals roosted randomly throughout DHR's, landscape-level suppression of B. irregularis might be the only viable option for reintroductions of some species. However, individuals of all species showed clustered roosting and high site fidelity. If site fidelity is common, then individuals that roost within fenced areas where snake populations are severely reduced or eliminated will experience high survivorship even if DHRs extend into surrounding unprotected matrix. There was large overlap in habitat selection during day and night indicating managed areas should be composed of native forest with non-native forests of secondary importance. In systems with nocturnal predators, understanding variability in diurnal and nocturnal habitat use could lead to better informed decisions.
Data from: Hypothesis-driven and field-validated method to prioritize fragmentation mitigation efforts in road projects
The active field of connectivity conservation has provided numerous methods to identify wildlife corridors with the aim of reducing the ecological effect of fragmentation. Nevertheless, these methods often rely on untested hypotheses of animal movements, usually fail to generate fine-scale predictions of road crossing sites, and do not allow managers to prioritize crossing sites for implementing road fragmentation mitigation measures. We propose a new method that addresses these limitations. We illustrate this method with data from southwestern Gabon (central Africa). We used stratified random transect surveys conducted in two seasons to model the distribution of African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus), and sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii) in a mosaic landscape along a 38.5 km unpaved road scheduled for paving. Using a validation data set of recorded crossing locations, we evaluated the performance of three types of models (local suitability, local least-cost movement, and regional least-cost movement) in predicting actual road crossings for each species, and developed a unique and flexible scoring method for prioritizing road sections for the implementation of road fragmentation mitigation measures. With a data set collected in <10 weeks of fieldwork, the method was able to identify seasonal changes in animal movements for buffalo and sitatunga that shift from a local exploitation of the site in the wet season to movements through the study site in the dry season, whereas elephants use the entire study area in both seasons. These three species highlighted the need to use species- and season-specific modeling of movement. From these movement models, the method ranked road sections for their suitability for implementing fragmentation mitigation efforts, allowing managers to adjust priority thresholds based on budgets and management goals. The method relies on data that can be obtained in a period compatible with environmental impact assessment constraints, and is flexible enough to incorporate other potential movement models and scoring criteria. This approach improves upon available methods and can help inform prioritization of road and other linear infrastructure segments that require impact mitigation methods to ensure long-term landscape connectivity.
Data from: Does male reproductive effort increase with age? Courtship in fiddler crabs
Theory suggests that reproductive effort generally increases with age, but life history models indicate that other outcomes are possible. Empirical data are needed to quantify variation in actual age-dependence. Data are readily attainable for females (e.g. clutch/egg size), but not for males (e.g. courtship effort). To quantify male effort one must: (a) experimentally control for potential age-dependent changes in female presence; and, crucially, (b) distinguish between the likelihood of courtship being initiated, the display rate, and the total time invested in courting before stopping ('courtship persistence'). We provide a simple experimental protocol, suitable for many taxa, to illustrate how to obtain this information. We studied courtship waving by male fiddler crabs, Uca annulipes. Given indeterminate growth, body size is correlated with age. Larger males were more likely to wave at females and waved more persistently. They did not, however, have a higher courtship rate (waves/second). A known female preference for males with higher display rates explains why, once waving is initiated, all males display at the same rate.
China: Effort Estimation Dataset
<p>The dataset contains the FunctionPoints metrics and is an effort estimation dataset.</p>
Fig. 2 in Reproductive effort of unisexual and bisexual rock lizards (genus Darevskia)
Fig. 2. Stages of egg deposition and hatching of individuals of D. armeniaca individual at laboratory.
Fig. 1 in Reproductive effort of unisexual and bisexual rock lizards (genus Darevskia)
Fig. 1. Interdependence among the components of life history. Reproductive effort increases te number and/or survival of offspring per season but decreases the potential number of reproductive seasons. Increase of an egg size positively affects offspring survival, but negatively - the number of eggs per reproductive season. Egg number and offspring survival both positively affect fitness. Red arrows show negative effects. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3. A–G in Reproductive effort of unisexual and bisexual rock lizards (genus Darevskia)
Fig. 3. A–G. Gravid female individuals of five species on X - axis with body lengths (A), body weight before (FMB) (B), body weight after (FMA) (C), number of eggs (EN) (D), clutch weight (CLM) between small and large – bodies species (E), Reproductive effort (RE) (F), Relative egg weight (REM) (G) on Y - axis with 95% confidence Interval.
Double dissociation of dopamine and subthalamic nucleus stimulation on effortful cost/benefit decision making
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data for: Variation in the role of the flag leaf in the reproductive effort of semi-arid rangeland bunchgrasses
<p>This is the complete data set used in the manuscript titled "Variation in the role of the flag leaf in the reproductive effort of semi-arid rangeland bunchgrasses". It includes the responses of total propagule production, percentage of filled and unfilled seeds, and filled seed-specific mass in response to seed head shading and flag leaf removal in two semi-arid perennial bunchgrasses, crested wheatgrass (<em>Agropyron cristatum</em>) and squirreltail wild rye (<em>Elymus elemoides</em>). Seasonal volumetric soil moisture data is also provided.</p>
Hysteresis and Irreversibility of Global Drought in Response to CO2 Mitigation Efforts
<p>Different drought indices, along with their associated hysteresis and irreversibility, are calculated using CESM2 outputs at a global 1-degree resolution.</p>
Data from: China's little-known efforts to protect its marine ecosystem safeguards some habitats but omits others
<p>China's stature as the world's major producer and consumer of seafood is legendary, but its long-standing tradition of protecting marine life domestically is virtually unknown. We present the most comprehensive database on area-based marine conservation in China including 326 sites that conserve 12.98% of China's seas and address 142 conservation objectives. Twenty-two percent of shallow habitats (<10 meters) were fully or highly protected and 20% of waters 10-50 meters deep were conserved to some degree. Recent studies have identified deep waters (>50 meters) as critical to protect, yet <5% of these waters in China were conserved, primarily in areas with the highest chl.-α concentrations. Habitats such as underwater canyons and seamounts <span>beyond the continental shelf had no area-based protection. While China has made progress in marine protection within its boundaries, there is more work to be done to ensure that the full suite of marine life is safeguarded.</span></p>
Opposite effects of stress on effortful motivation in high and low anxiety are mediated by CRHR1 in the VTA
<p>Rat DNA sequencing data</p>
Data and scripts for Is it possible to disregard obsolete requirements? A family of experiments in software effort estimation
<p>Supplementary materials (data and R scripts) for the publication: Gren, L., Berntsson Svensson, R. Is it possible to disregard obsolete requirements? a family of experiments in software effort estimation. <em>Requirements Eng</em> <strong>26, </strong>459–480 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-021-00351-7</p>
The timing of spring warming shapes reproductive effort in a warm-water fish: the role of mismatches between hepatic and gonadal processes
Spring-spawning fishes native to northern environments rely on both increasing temperature and lengthening photoperiod to cue reproduction and may thus be particularly sensitive to rapid warming earlier in the year while day lengths remain short. We investigated the reproductive response of pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus to spring warming commencing at a range of day lengths (9 – 15 hours), corresponding to various calendar days (January 10 – May 22). In both the laboratory and field, both male and female fish that experienced early warming while day lengths were <11 hours: 1) failed to initiate reproductive preparation in the liver before gonad development began, and 2) had reduced reproductive allocation. Analysis of published data on temperate fishes suggested that liver development prior to gonad development is widespread across warm-, cool-, and cold-water thermal guilds, though the precise phenology of liver relative to gonad development appears to vary widely among species. Together, our results point toward dampened reproductive preparation as a novel mechanism mediating reduced reproductive output in both warm- and cool-water fish following earlier spring warming.
Distribution. Known from scattered records in the Columbia Plateau and N Great Plains of SC British Columbia (SE Canada), N & SE Washington, Oregon, WC Idaho, Montana, NE California, N Nevada, W Wyoming, and N Utah, although these populations are probably connected and additional collecting efforts are needed. in Soricidae
Distribution. Known from scattered records in the Columbia Plateau and N Great Plains of SC British Columbia (SE Canada), N & SE Washington, Oregon, WC Idaho, Montana, NE California, N Nevada, W Wyoming, and N Utah, although these populations are probably connected and additional collecting efforts are needed.
Quantitative and qualitative methods complementing: Bridging modelling and policy-making efforts to realise the European bioeconomy
<p>The European Bioeconomy Strategy aims to facilitate the transition from a take-make-dispose fossil economy into one fostering circular bio-based value chains linking sustainable land use with cutting-edge products. Optimised designs, implementation and monitoring rely on continuous interactions between policymakers and modellers who run multiple scenarios for environmentally, economically and socially desirable futures. "Bridging modelling and policy-making efforts to realise the European bioeconomy" leverages a multi-layered framework that cross-references 39 policies and 32 models to assess how they address the five principle objectives of the Bioeconomy Strategy in terms of accompanying sectors, value-chains, and multi-dimensional indicators. The framework identifies gaps in bioeconomy knowledge both in policy and modelling. The analysis stemming from this framework matching policies and models based on their scope and aim, and reviewing how each addresses bioeconomy objectives, sectors, value chain stages and indicators, was built using mixed methods. The files complement the Supplementary Files of "Bridging modelling and policy-making efforts to realise the European bioeconomy" to produce a comprehensive compendium of the key findings extracted from the main publication. </p>
Response dataset, Effort perception experiment
<p>Response dataset, Perceived effort experiment</p> <p>Continuous responses of perceived effort in music were measured using five audio/video excerpts of Helmut Lachenmann's "Pression" for solo cello. Participants gave responses by pressing their finger on a force-sensing surface. The pressing force was mapped logarithmically onto a scale from 0 to 1. Each individual participants responses across all five segments have been standardized to z-scores (mean=0, sd=1).</p> <p>File names: Seg[segment number]_[playback condition].csv, where segment number = [1...5] and playback condition = [A, V, AV]: </p> <ul> <li>A = Audio only</li> <li>V = Video only</li> <li>AV = Audio and video</li> </ul> <p>Column names: </p> <ul> <li>time = time stamp of record (numeric, [seconds])</li> <li>subject = subject id (string)</li> <li>value = response (numeric, z-score)</li> </ul>
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