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Fig. 1. Recent Cape hare Lepus capensis Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R2 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 1. Recent Cape hare Lepus capensis Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R2 in right lateral view, illustrating maximally extended pose (A) and ONP (B): skull, cervical vertebrae 1–7 and dorsal vertebrae 1–2. Note the very weak dorsal deflection of the base of the neck in ONP, contrasting with the much stronger deflection illustrated in a live rabbit by Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 4).

Fig. 3 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 3. Phylogeny indicating high−level relationships between tetrapod groups, habitual neck posture in extant groups, and inferred posture in sauropods. Cervical vertebrae shaded dark grey. Lissamphibia: Ambystoma tigrinum, after Simons et al. (2000: fig. 4); Mammalia: domestic cat Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758, after Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 3B); Testudines: box turtle Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758), after Landberg et al. (2003: fig. 8); Squamata: Savannah monitor Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc, 1792), after Owerkowicz et al. (1999: fig. 2A); Crocodylia: alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin 1801), after unpublished photograph; Aves: chicken Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758), after Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 7); Sauropoda: Diplodocus carnegii, modelled after vertebrae in Hatcher (1901: fig. 4, pl. 3).

Fig. 5 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 5. Sauropod Brachiosaurus brancai reconstructions with low and high torso positions. Neck in ONP, in a drinking posture (A), and in a browsing posture (B) attained by deflecting the neck dorsally by the same amount as it is deflected ventrally to reach the ground. Torso, appendicular skeleton and ONP neck from Stevens and Parrish (2005b: fig. 6.8). Cervical joints deflected by 8° from ONP. See text for full details.

Fig. 2. Recent chicken Gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R1 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 2. Recent chicken Gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R1 in right lateral view, illustrating maximally extended pose (A) and ONP (B): last four cervical and first four dorsal vertebrae. Note the strong ventral deflection of the base of the neck in ONP, contrasting with the very strong dorsal deflection illustrated in a live chicken by Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 7).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2013View details →

Fig. 9. Centra from extant Carcharodon carcharias Linnaeus, 1758 in Vertebral morphology, dentition, age, growth, and ecology of the large lamniform shark Cardabiodon ricki

Fig. 9. Centra from extant Carcharodon carcharias Linnaeus, 1758 (A) and Cetorhinus maximus Gunnerus, 1765 (B, C). A. Centrum, LACM I-35875- 1, in anterior (A 1), left lateral (A 2), posterior (A 3), dorsal (A 4), and ventral (A 5) views. B. Partial centrum (LACM I-35593-1a) in transverse section (B 1) posterior (B 2), left lateral (B 3), and dorsal (B 4) views. C. Partial centrum (LACM I-35593-1b) in left lateral (C 1), ventral (C 2), and one-half hemi-section (C ) views.

FIGURE 17 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 17. Comparison of pectoral girdle musculature reconstruction between this study and previously published reconstructions.

FIGURE 16. M. costocoracoideus. Reconstruction for Neusticosaurus 1 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 16. M. costocoracoideus. Reconstruction for Neusticosaurus 1 in anterior view, 2 in ventral view, 3 in lateral view, 4 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 5 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view. Reconstruction for Ceresiosaurus 6 in anterior view, 7 in ventral view, 8 in lateral view, 9 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 10 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view. Reconstruction for Rhomaleosaurus 11 in anterior view, 12 in ventral view, 13 in lateral view, 14 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 15 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view.

FIGURE 1 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 1. Three topological hypotheses for the evolution of the pectoral girdle elements from the basal neodiapsid condition to basal eosauropterygian condition are depicted in two-dimensions. Large black dot – glenoid; Small black dot – coracoid foramen; A- anterior margin of the coracoid; M-medial margin of the coracoid; CL – clavicle; INCL – interclavicle; SC – scapula; ST – sternum.

FIGURE 3 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 3. Muscle reconstruction of the pectoral girdle musculature of the Eosauropterygia using data from the extant phylogenetic bracket, the fossil record and developmental patterns.

FIGURE 5. M. subcoracoscapularis. Reconstruction for Neusticosaurus 1 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 5. M. subcoracoscapularis. Reconstruction for Neusticosaurus 1 in anterior view, 2 in ventral view, 3 in lateral view, 4 in fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 5 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view. Reconstruction for Ceresiosaurus 6 in anterior view, 7 in ventral view, 8 in lateral view, 9 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 10 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view. Reconstruction for Rhomaleosaurus 11 in anterior view, 12 in ventral view, 13 in lateral view, 14 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 15 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view.

FIGURE 2 in Big-headed marine crocodyliforms and why we must be cautious when using extant species as body length proxies for long-extinct relatives

FIGURE 2. Comparative view of three fossil thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs: (1) teleosaurid Platysuchus multiscrobiculatus SMNS 9930; (2) basal metriorhynchoid Pelagosaurus typus MTM M62 2516; and (3) metriorhynchid Cricosaurus suevicus SMNS 9808. Scale bars equal 50 cm.

FIGURE 1 in Big-headed marine crocodyliforms and why we must be cautious when using extant species as body length proxies for long-extinct relatives

FIGURE 1. Comparative view of four fossil teleosaurid crocodylomorphs used in the regression analyses: (1) Steneosaurus bollensis GPIT/RE/1193/2; (2) Steneosaurus priscus MNHN.F CNJ 78a; (3) Steneosaurus bollensis MH unnumbered A; and (4) Steneosaurus bollensis MH unnumbered B. Scale bars equal 100 cm.

FIGURE 4 in Big-headed marine crocodyliforms and why we must be cautious when using extant species as body length proxies for long-extinct relatives

FIGURE 4. Comparative least-squares regression gradient plot, of cranial length-to-total length, with the solid line representing Teleosauridae, and the dashed lines representing (1) Crocodylus, (2) Alligator, (3) Gavialis, and (4) Metriorhynchidae, respectively.

FIGURE 5 in Big-headed marine crocodyliforms and why we must be cautious when using extant species as body length proxies for long-extinct relatives

FIGURE 5. Comparative view of estimated body length of large-bodied teleosaurids (see Table 8). (1) Machimosaurus rex (holotype); (2) Machimosaurus hugii (referred specimen from Krebs, 1968); (3) Machimosaurus mosae (neotype, grey silhouette is the lost holotype); (4) Machimosaurus buffetauti (holotype, grey silhouette is the specimen from Buffetaut, 1982b); (5) Steneosaurus edwardsi (referred specimen from Johnson et al., 2015); (6) Steneosaurus obtusidens (holotype); (7) Steneosaurus bollensis (based on MH unnumbered A). The skull drawings are modified from (Fanti et al., 2016 and Young et al., 2014). Scale bar equals 1 m.

FIGURE 3 in Big-headed marine crocodyliforms and why we must be cautious when using extant species as body length proxies for long-extinct relatives

FIGURE 3. Bivariate plots of cranial (1, 3) and femoral lengths (2, 4) plotted against total lengths for complete specimens only (1, 2) and for all specimens (3, 4). In each case a line of least-squares regression is fitted along with a shaded area representing the confidence interval around the regression model.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2016View details →

FIGURE 2 in The oldest species of the relic extant genus Mesochria from Eocene Fushun amber of China (Diptera: Anisopodidae: Mycetobiinae)

FIGURE 2. Holotype male of Mesochria fani Szadziewski and Szwedo, sp. nov. 1, habitus, lateral aspect; 2, wings; 3, mouthparts; 4, palpus; 5, legs; 6, wing reconstructed; 7, genitalia, lateral aspect.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2016View details →

FIGURE 1. 1 in The oldest species of the relic extant genus Mesochria from Eocene Fushun amber of China (Diptera: Anisopodidae: Mycetobiinae)

FIGURE 1. 1, Fushun fossil site location and palaeogeographic setting of north-eastern China during the Eocene; Palaeotopographic reconstruction after Wang H. (1995); 2, stratigraphic sequence of the West Opencast Coalmine. The yellow heptagons indicate amber-bearing layers in upper section of the Guchengzi Formation. PETM – Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (approximately 55 Ma); EECO – Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (51–53 Ma); MECO – Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (approximately 41.5 Ma); 3, View of the West Opencast Coalmine, from the east, 3 September 2013; arrows indicate amber-bearing strata; 4, View of reclamation works in the West Opencast Coalmine from the west, 5 September 2014.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2017View details →

FIGURE 4 in Ademosynidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): A new concept for a coleopteran key taxon and its phylogenetic affinities to the extant suborders

FIGURE 4. Genera of Ademosynidae family, line drawings. 1, Gnathosyne akkolkensis Ponomarenko, 1969, holotype, PIN 2496/7 counterpart. 2, Ademosyne kirgizica Ponomarenko, 1969, holotype PIN 2096/1369. 3 A. kirgizica Ponomarenko, 1969, paratype PIN 2555/1696 print and counterprint. 4, A. bacca Ponomarenko, 1969 holotype PIN 2240/310. 5, A. bacca Ponomarenko, 1969, paratype PIN 2240/294. 6, A. ellyptica Ponomarenko, 1969, holotype PIN 2240/224. 7, Cephalosyne capitata Ponomarenko, 1969, holotype PIN 2240/302. Scale bars: 1 mm. Label abbreviations: c.e – compound eye; crd – cardo; cx.r – coxal rests; cx1, 2 – pro- and mesocoxae; ep – epipleura; epm2 – mesepimeron; fm1 – profemur; gul – gular plate (gula); i.p1 – prosternal intercoxal process; l.d – pronotal longitudinal depression; l.i – lateral incixions of submentum; l.r – longitudinal ridge; md – mandibles; msc – mesoscutum; mt – mentum; ms.p – mesosternal pit; o.f – occipital foramen; par – parietal; pd – pedicellus; pl1 – propleurite; p.mt – prementum; p.t.p. – posterior tentorial pit; sc – scapus; scl – scutellum; sct – mesoscutum; s.g – gular suture; s.l2 – longitudinal suture of mesoventrite; s.l3 – longitudinal suture of metaventrite; smt – submentum; s.pc – paracoxal suture.

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FIGURE 5. Petrosyne Ponomarenko, 1969 in Ademosynidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): A new concept for a coleopteran key taxon and its phylogenetic affinities to the extant suborders

FIGURE 5. Petrosyne Ponomarenko, 1969 and ademosynid beetles re-assigned to Polyphaga suborder, photos and line drawings. 1, 2 Petrosyne liassica Ponomarenko, 1969, holotype PIN 166/39. 3, 4 Ranis collevus Ponomarenko, 1969, holotype PIN 371/1755 and line drawing. 5, 6, R. ovalis Ponomarenko, 1969, holotype PIN 2066/2642. Scale bars equal 1 mm. Label abbreviations: cx.r – coxal rests; msc – mesoscutum; tb1 – protibia.